Educating Rita-Characters Essay

Main characters Rita and Frank are the only two characters whom we see on stage, though other people are referred to by both of them. We hear about Denny, Rita’s husband, about Julia, Frank’s partner, and about Trish, Rita’s flatmate, who attempts to kill herself. But it is Rita and Frank whom the audience gets to know best. Rita: Rita is a working-class, twenty-six-year-old hairdresser who has taken the decisive step of enrolling on a literature course at the Open University. It has been a difficult decision as it means that she has to break away from the restrictions imposed on her by her husband and by the community in which she lives and works. Indeed, Rita’s choice is a stark one: it is between starting a family, which Denny wants, or studying. In deciding to study and become more educated and culturally aware, Rita changes her life completely. She gradually becomes absorbed by culture and literature. It is only after her flatmate attempts suicide that she begins to realise that art and literature cannot provide all the answers. However, she decides to continue as a student and finally passes her examination. Frank: Frank is a university lecturer in English Literature with a drink problem. He has had one failed marriage and his present relationship wit Julia is not an easy one. However, he does appear to have a comfortable middle-class lifestyle and has achieved some minor success as a poet. His job, nevertheless, bores him and, in fact, by the end of the play, he has been sent away to Australia by the university authorities because of his drunken behaviour. Rita breezes into his life like a breath of fresh air; the story of the play is the story of their developing and changing relationships both as teacher and student and on a more personal level.

Media – Pre production piece, storyboard for music video

In order to make my storyboard I had to research many different music videos. I looked at music videos from many different music channels and from many different musical genres, such as rock, pop and hip-hop. After analysing these videos I came to the conclusion that there were a number of important points I had to consider when making my storyboard. I decided to use Bob Dylan's ‘Blowin' in the wind' for my music video storyboard as there was never a video created for it. Also I think the issues of war in the song are very topical to the current affairs in the world today. Firstly, something I had to consider carefully was my audience. The song I chose was released in the 1960s. So, obviously it would not significantly appeal to the younger age groups. The majority of my audience will be of the older age group, probably between 40 and 60. This song would appeal to both men and women, so there was no particular gender to target. I do not think that this song would attract any particular class of people, as the song discusses issues that affect all social classes. Furthermore, I had to consider the length of each frame, as it must coincide with the rhythm of the music playing. For example, if I were to make a storyboard for a slow song then I would most probably have long frames of about 4 seconds. Whereby on the other hand if I were to make a storyboard for a fast song then I would most probably have short frames of about two seconds. So, in my case I chose to use long frames to capture the slow, mellow rhythm of the song. Another point to deliberate was whether to follow the words of the song in my storyboard or to use a number of interesting images linked together which don't have much relevance to the song. I decided to use the words of the song in my storyboard to convey what the song was about. Some of the words in the song were ambiguous, but I conveyed what I felt the words meant. All of the images are outside and most are linked with nature. I chose to do this to give the video a relaxing and peaceful theme, to fit in with what the song is about. This is also linked in with my target audience, as I tried to achieve a calm video, something that someone of the older generation would enjoy watching and would help relieve them of stress. I decided to repeat the same images in each chorus to reinforce the meaning and importance of the words. Furthermore, I also chose to repeat the same images in each instrumental section of the song. I chose the image of the sun going down, from morning, to afternoon, to evening, to dusk; I did this to create the affect that one verse was over and the next was beginning. I also used it at the end to indicate the song was ending, as the day was ending.

Explain three (3) world arguments for birth control and two (2) world Essay

Explain three (3) world arguments for birth control and two (2) world arguments against birth control. Give original examples (not in the textbooks) or further clarification of each viewpoint or position - Essay Example ore necessary to re-examine some old and new arguments for birth control because the reasons are valid and make tremendous sense to any sensible person concerned with human life. Some people have raised these alarms many times but were just ignored over the years. The foremost argument for birth control is an old one, raised several centuries ago by a famous English scholar and political economist Thomas Robert Malthus (1766-1834). He argued that human populations are subject to the same limiting factors as any other living species in the world such as famine, diseases and available food supplies. Human populations tend to grow or outstrip increases in food supplies and would simply result in majority of humans suffering under a cloud of hunger and misery. This is very much evident today in various parts of the world such as Africa where famines occur regularly. Moreover, the total arable land has decreased over the years due to increasing development and the rise of urbanization, reducing the area available for food production. Additionally, human activities have led to pollution of water supplies, which make potable water difficult to obtain in many areas and droughts also caused supply scarcity. The worlds natural resources are mostly finite in nature, and any increase in humans will surely contribute to depletion of these supplies. Water, food and energy are not readily or always renewable in limitless quantities and some form of birth control has to be instituted. The world is definitely reaching its limits that can sustain an acceptable level in the quality of life. A consequence of increased human populations is the issue of global warming. Climate change is now upon us and this has affected everything on Earth, including the ability to raise the food crops necessary for survival and the water supplies for irrigation. More people means more carbon footprint and harmful gas emissions that contribute to the worsening of global warming. On the other hand,

Understanding FMLA Regulations Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Understanding FMLA Regulations - Research Paper Example Understanding FMLA regulations Under the FMLA regulations, the group benefits in terms of health are supposed to be maintained for employees when they are on leave. These regulations are usually administered by the administration on employment standards at the division of wages and hours that falls under the Labor department of America (Business & Legal Reports, 2008). However, according to reports, the application of the FMLA regulations may be impacted by acts like the 1986 Consolidated Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act and the Health insurance and accountability Acts. In the year 2008, the former United States president, George Bush, signed into rule the initial expansion of the FMLA regulations since their enactment in the year 1993 thereby adding two fresh entitlements for leave to military personnel and their families. The regulations do apply to each and every agency that is state-owned, and this includes the local, state, federal level employers and employers found within the private sector. The private se ctor employers who are covered by these regulations are required to have employed over fifty employees who have worked for twenty or even more workweeks in their previous or current year of operation. These regulations also cover the successors of employees who were previously covered and their other joint employers within the country. In order for an employee to become eligible for acquiring any benefits, they are required to satisfy certain conditions. (Government Printing Office, 2009). The employees should be working for employers who are covered, worked for these employers for a period of over a year and worked for at least one thousand three hundred hours over the previous period of one year (Business & Legal Reports, 2008). However, under the FMLA regulations, the one year of employment does not require to be consecutive, if the break in services period exceeds a period of seven years, these working sessions should not be counted (Government Printing Office, 2009). In excepti on, unless the employee’s break is facilitated by his activities in the country’s National Guard or the reserve military under the laws on employment along with unemployment rights. Subsequently, the break in services period may be considered if there are written agreements that include collective bargaining agreements regarding the employer’s willingness to rehire their employee after this period is over (Goluboff, 2001). Covered employers within the United States are required by the regulations to provide employees who are legible for leave up to 12 weeks of leave that is unpaid for several reasons. In the event that an employee has a new birth and requires giving care to the young, or place their young under foster care or adoption they should be granted the leave (Business & Legal Reports, 2008). They should also be granted the unpaid leave in case they fall sick from medical conditions that are serious and cannot perform efficiently or their spouses, parent s or their children are on active military duty (Goluboff, 2001). According to previous reports, in some situations, FMLA leaves have been taken in different periods of time for different viable reasons thereby reducing their routine work schedules. The employees are therefore required to

Health Systems and Healthcare Systems Coursework - 5

Health Systems and Healthcare Systems - Coursework Example Key among the roles of the government is to provide every Nigerian access to basic healthcare facilities without discrimination. In Nigeria, primary health care services are available in both the rural and urban areas. The agencies provide basic care to citizens regardless of their class or status. There are various aspects supporting the evaluation of the primary health care services in Nigeria. Primary health care services also include training on prevailing health problem and techniques of controlling and preventing the problems. It ensures proper nutrition among citizens and promotion of food supply and childcare, family planning immunization and prevention against major infectious diseases. There is significant evidence in the health promotion interventions making active enhancement of human health care. Primary healthcare also concerns the satisfaction of health- related Millennium Development Goals among the marginalized group and poor members of the population. World health organization (WHO) applies health promotion techniques to health and related social system and various risk factors including disease and health issues. Organizations are concerned with improving the quality of life by performing health promotion services. Health promotion has crucial roles to play in fostering public health policies and health -supportive environments promoting positive social conditions and skills promoting healthy lifestyles (Boman & Isiaka 2015, p.1). World health organization supports the country in improving infrastructure for organizing planning and initiating multispectral health policies and programs in Nigeria. Health system concentrates towards health promotion promotions initiatives including and their capabilities geared towards promoting health. There are advocacy and social mobilization for policy in support of health

Career in Hospitality Industry Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Career in Hospitality Industry - Essay Example The history of amusement parks dates back to the 16th century. These places were started in Medieval Europe with the name "Pleasure Gardens" and provided live entertainment, dancing, games, fireworks and few rides. Today, the oldest operating amusement park in one of those pleasure gardens named 'Bakken' which was started in the year 1583 in Copenhagen. Amusement parks started getting great popularity in the late 19th century. The world's first modern amusement park 'Paul Boynton's Water Chutes' was started in the year 1893. After that, a large number of theme parks were opened in Europe and United States and the industry flourished. The great depression of 1935 and second world was a great blow to the industry. By the end of the World War II, varieties of amusement parks have already started to boom. Today's theme parks enjoy a good popularity and are located throughout the world in almost all countries with diversified themes and features. This industry today is highly dependable on the technological development, which has provided various sophisticated rides and other entertainment options. The amusement park industry provides opportunity to interact with people of highly diversified cultures than any other. ... Exposure in diversified areas Good growth potential Good working condition Decent compensation package Exposure to diversified cultures The amusement park industry provides opportunity to interact with people of highly diversified cultures than any other. This exposure and learning will be asset that will accompany me throughout my career in this field. Dynamic Environment This industry is the most dynamic among all of the hospitality industries. It has to change according to the peoples interests and had always changes with the development in the field of Science & Technology. Since I have interest in learning new thing and hate a stagnated environment, I decided that the amusement park industry will be the best suited for my career and preferred his over the others. Exposure to other areas of Hospitality Industry Amusement parks also provide facilities such as restaurants, hotels, travel assistance, etc. One of the reasons for choosing this industry among the others in the hospitality industry is that working in amusement parks provides exposure also in the areas of ride operations, admissions, food services, retail, entertainment and guest relation. Exposure to High End Technology The major attraction in the amusement parks is the rides. Today's rides are intensely technology driven and highly sophisticated. Since I have interest in the field of Science & Technology, this industry became my first preference to make my career among the others. Based on all these aspects, I had decided to make my career in the Amusement park industry. To enter into any industry, it requires a good knowledge and understanding of the industry. And also a lot of work needs to be done

Battle of Mogadishu Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Battle of Mogadishu - Research Paper Example The SNA (Somali National Alliance) formed in August 1992 kicked off as the USC (United Somali Congress) under its leader General Mohamad Farah Aidid. The Somali National Alliance during OGS (Operation Gothic Serpent) comprised of Somali Democratic Movement and the Somali Patriotic Movement. Others comprised of combined Miriflehand Digil clans, the Habr Gedir of the USC (United Somali Congress) commanded by General Aidid, and the recently formed Southern Somali National Movement. After establishment, the Somali National Alliance (SNA) instantly set off an attack against the guerrillas of the clan of Hawadle Hawiye, who coordinated the port area of Mogadishu. Consequently, the militia was chased out of the port area, and Aidid's troops took over.The organizational structure and size of Somali troops is unknown in detail. In all, twenty to forty thousand ordinary militia followers are known to have partaken, nearly altogether of which were from Aidid's SNO (Somali National Alliance), ob taining mostly from the clan of Habar. Since 1993 Habar Gedir had been at conflict with America (Bowden 25). Shortly following the revolution, the alliance split into two factions. Ali Mahdi who later became the president led one of the factions while Mohammed Farah Aidid led the other. In 1991 September, grave fighting started in Mogadishu which lasted in the subsequent months and stretched all over the country. Over twenty thousand individuals were murdered or injured by the culmination of that year. The subsequent inter-clan conflict resulted to agriculture destruction in Somalia, which subsequently led to famishment for lots of its citizens (Bowden 30). The global community embarked on sending food provisions to cease the starvation. Control of food supplies became one of the key sources of power in Somalia. Stolen food was used to fortify the allegiance of clan leaders, and the foodstuff was normally traded with other countries for munitions. Eighty percent of relief food in th e early 1990’s was stolen. These elements steered to further starvation where an assessed three hundred thousand individuals perished and another one million individuals writhed amid 1991 and 1992. In the interim, amid 1991 and 1992 estimates show that above three hundred thousand Somalis perished of undernourishment. United Nations military sent fifty army observers to guard the dissemination of the foodstuff to Somaliain July 1992 in conformity with a resolution indorsed by disparate clan groups (Bowden 45). UNOSOM – I (Operation Provide Relief) officially commenced in August 1992, once United States’ President George H. W. Bush declared that United States army conveyances would back the cosmopolitan United Nations relief force in Somalia. Four hundred and ten C-130s set out to Mombasa in Kenya in Operation Provide Relief. The isolated areas in Somalia survived on Airlifted aid and in return minimizing reliance on truck cavalcades. Only one affiliate (USAFE) o f the 86th Supply Squadron was set out with the ground-backing group (Bowden 56). Forty tons of food and medical supplies delivered byAir Force C-130s in six months to global humanitarian organizations were a means of attempting to aid the over two million starved people in Somalia. This undertaking was unproductive owing to the

None Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 20

None - Essay Example of the high demand for iPhone 6 and iPhone 6 plus, the Apple Inc chief executive, Time Cook, and the management decided to delay the production of an extra-large iPad. It seems that the leadership did not want to overwork its supplier while they were still trying to meet the demand of their customer on another product. According to the Wall Street Journal unnamed source from one of Apple’s suppliers said that the 5.5- inch iPhone 6 plus output remains unsatisfactory. Splitting resources among the display makers would be challenging in producing a large screen iPad at the moment (Luk and Wakabayashi 1). Therefore, it is a significant understanding by the Apple management for allowing its suppliers to push the production of the large screen iPad. They were well aware of the challenge the company is facing in hiring enough factory employees who will assemble the new iPhone in some of its suppliers’ branches. In an organization, there are different individuals trying to accomplish as a specific goal, but working on different tasks. Therefore, organizational behavior is how these individuals or groups are working together within an organization. The idea is focusing on the best way to manage the workers, organization and processes. It is based on the idea of what are employees’ motivated by and why does it motivate them. Managers and supervisors can accomplish organizational goals by defining goals, motivating staff and monitoring performance (Schmermerhorn, Hunt & Osborn 63). With the information that a manager gathers in the organization, he or she is able to make a decision. Therefore, managerial control of the management over the organization is a very significant part of organizational behavior. It includes the decision process by the management of an organization in choosing a course of action to deal with an issue or opportunity. In this case, Apple Inc. Decided to delay the production of a large-screen iPad and instead produce iPhone 6 and iPhone 6 plus

Case review on O.J Simpson Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Case review on O.J Simpson - Essay Example On February 4, 1997 a civil jury found Simpson liable for the wrong death of Goldman and the battery of his Nicole Brown. Simpson was ordered to pay to $35.5 million to the Goldman and Brown families but has yet to pay anything as his NFL pension is protected from such verdicts. He currently lives in Florida, where his house is protected from being forfeited for a civil judgment. The Prosecution did not have an eyewitness to the murder, but this was just about the only piece of evidence that was not submitted to the jury. There was an overwhelming amount of evidence linking OJ Simpson to the murder. Thus evidence as to Simpson’s violent nature vis-Ã  -vis his ex-wife was presented, including a record of extensive domestic violence. A timeline was establishing using a limousine driver who was to drive Simpson to the airport and Kato Kaelin, Simpson’s housemate, who established that Simpson was away from the house at the time of the murders. The evidence tying Simpson to the murders was technical and circumstantial. It was related to blood, hair, fiber and footprint analysis from the crime scene and at Simpson’s home. Perhaps the most powerful piece of evidence was a DNA test of a blood sample found at the crime scene which found that there was a 1 in 170,000,000 chance that it was not Simpson’s blood. Evidence to show that the eventual not-guilty verdict was sound was never really introduced to the trial. Evidence was provided, as already stated, as to a pattern of domestic violence that would logically lead to the eventual murder of Nicole Brown. The timeline of the night of the murder suggested that Simpson was abset from his house at the time of the murders. The forensic evidence taken from the murder scene and from Simpson’s house showed that his blood was at the scene and that Nicole Brown’s blood was found in a bloody footprint on the carpet outside Simpson’s bedroom. A bloody glove with the victims’ blood on it was found outside

Congenital Erythropoietic Porphyria Research Paper

Congenital Erythropoietic Porphyria - Research Paper Example CEP, or congenital erythropoietic porphyria is an autosomal recessive trait, which causes the patient to have an enlarged spleen and liver, reddish urine, bones and teeth as well as lesions on the skin that react to UV light due to the excess porphyrin deposits (Bishop et al., 2010, p. 1062). However, another disease, AIP or acute intermittent porphyria could pose as CEP due to some similarities in patient symptoms. Initially, patients that were affected were suspected to have CEP since there were the usual symptoms such as the reddish discoloration of teeth as well as the urine, and pink fluorescence of bones under UV light due to deposition of porphyrin and other precursors (Clavero et al., 2009, p. 585). However, if molecular and tissue analyses would be employed, CEP and AIP can be differentiated from each other, with CEP being an autosomal recessive disease and AIP a dominant one. This paper would be about some studies on congenital erythropoietic porphyria (CEP), as well as som e descriptions of the disease at the genetic level. The first main topic is about the molecular aspect of CEP as a disease. The most common form of mutation of the UROS gene located at locus 10q25.3-26.3 is the C37R mutation, which is fairly common. Other mutations such as non-sense mutations, splicing in certain cites, deletions and insertions as well as other complex rearrangement of sequences at chromosomal locus 10q25.3-26.3 occur and create the CEP phenotype (Bishop et al., 2010, p.1068). In a study on the expression of CEP model expressions in mice, Bishop et al. (2011, p. 751) were able to quantify the approximated enzymatic activities of the UROS enzyme in livers of normal mice and CEP-affected mice. It is hypothesized that since mice are animals with shorter lifespan and thus have several generations in a short period of time, the causative mechanisms of the defective UROS gene would be easier to identify. Also, since the disease would be following the Mendelian Pattern, be arers of the homozygous recessive genotype would show disease symptoms while heterozygous and homozygous dominant would be fairly normal. Meanwhile, in a study about CEP in cats, a publication regarding the discovery of a feline model for CEP was released (Clavero et al., 2010, p. 382). Compared to a previous study, which had cats with AIP instead of CEP, the new proband for this study had PBG and ALA levels which are in normal detectable amounts, with elevated URO I and COPRO levels as well as abnormal UROS activity, much like in human and mice CEP counterparts. Via amplification of the suspected mutated sequences, aside from a shorter polypeptide (one cystein shorter), feline UROS sequence was fairly similar to the previously reported human and mouse. The double-mutant had reduced enzymatic activity, caused by two amino acid substitutions, making the protein product unable to fold in a stable manner, thereby causing reduced activity of the mutated enzyme, as compared to either sin gle mutant or normal enzymes (Clavero et al., 2010, p. 387). Three genotypes were produced after mating several strains and generations of mice: homozygous recessive mice having the CEP gene had a genotype of C37R/C37R, a heterozygote C37R/V99L expresses a milder form of the disease, and a homozygous dominant genotype V99L/V99L exhibits the normal phenotype. Blood sampling for analyses of presence of porphyrin and other precursors were done, as well as histology of the liver and the spleen

Panera Bread Company Essay Example for Free

Panera Bread Company Essay Panera Bread Company is regarded as one of the largest company in the United States that has specialized in the production of breakfast and lunch food for its consumers. Panera Bread Company which was in the years back been referred to as An Bon Pain is reported to be producing products such as baked foods, sandwiches, soups among other food products and beverages. The company is reported to have been founded in the year 1987 by Ken Rosenthan with its headquarters situated in Richmond Missouri in the USA. The company operates in divisions namely; franchise segments; who are licensed to carry out business transactions in the name of the company and retailing operations; which covers over five hundred bakery cafes that are reported to be company owned and over six hundred cafes which are franchised operated in more than thirty five states. In the year 1999 it was expanded into a national restaurant. Panera Bread Company has struggled to survive the growing competition and to effectively utilize its opportunities by utilizing the concept of company analysis which is very critical in modern business world. The aim of Panera Bread Company has always been to become a market leader in production of foods and beverages globally by diversifying and reaching to many new markets. In the year 2005, the company was ranked top forty by the Business Week in the annual list of hot growth companies. By that year its earnings was projected at $ 38 Million with an increase of over 40% in profit. In the year 2007, Zagat rated the company to top the list of Overall Food Facilities and Popularity rankings. Panera Bread Company is further recognized for its involvement in community events such as silent auctions, runs and walks by making donations. SWOT Analysis Modern businesses are faced with changing business environments and Panera Bread Company is not exceptional from facing such changes within their business context. By carrying out SWOT analysis, environment analysis is very decisive to Panera Bread Company and it is usually analyzed in two extents; the external environment and internal environment examination within the business perspective. Research reveals that the analysis of external environment illustrates opportunities and threats that exist in the market for a firm that may be either present or impending. On the other hand, internal environment examination depicts the strengths and weaknesses that the business may face in the market place (Anthony, 1998). Strengths Strength in this context can be identified as that distinctive ability posed by a firm and if the company utilizes such an opportunity it can succeed and can gain competitive advantage, over its rivals in the industry. The most common strength associated with Panera Bread Company is that of being a market leader in the food industry and particularly marketing of bread. Research indicates that Panera Bread Company is better placed than its main rivals in the market in that it has significantly acquired larger market share which is attributed to its diversification to various countries in the world, for example it has opened many subsidiaries in Toronto, Canada. It is also reported that the company has a strong brand name of its products which have significantly aided the company in terms of achieving a larger market share. The other strength that the company has is that of the best marketing channels that have aided marketing of packaging solutions products to a wider range of customers (Kotler, 1996). Weakness Weakness in this context can be referred to as any dimension of a firm that possibly will deter the accomplishment of set objectives by the firm and usually considered to comprise the company’s resources, capabilities and assets that are not fully utilized. From the company’s profile it can be noted that Panera Bread Company has weak policies, procedures and regulations that may deter the attainment of target performance of the company in some target markets. It is also reported that recently, the employees are not motivated to work and there has been complains regarding low pay and poor working conditions among others although such reports have not been proved. The management of the company should therefore look for ways in solving such problems that may affect adversely the performance of the employees and thus the overall performance of the company. Also the culture of Panera Bread Company has been under scrutiny and there has been allegation that the company is producing loaves of bread which are of poor quality, an issue that the management should look at it seriously (Anthony, 1998). Opportunities For companies to achieve the set objectives, they have to identify and devise events or features in the business external environment that will give them an added advantage or chance of performing better than their competitors. Such an event or feature can be referred to as an opportunity because it will create more chances to the company by increasing the current proceeds through acquiring a significant market share. Panera Bread Company has opportunities that if utilized will be of great benefit to the firm because it will lead to exploring and reaching to more new markets. Research indicates that there is greater demand for bread products in Africa and the management of Panera Bread Company should open subsidiaries in some of those countries after carefully analyzing the situational analysis in those potential markets. Since Panera Bread Company is among the market leaders in bakery industry; it is perceived to be having a well developed financial foundation and thus does not face any liquidity or cash flow problems. It is for this reason that the company should explore new markets and can compete across the entire market without fearing that its competitors can outdo them financially. However, before competing Panera Bread Company should carry out cost benefit analysis in order to avoid unnecessary expenditure (Brandenburger and Nalebuff, 1995). Threat In business context, a threat is regarded as an event which if not taken care of it may possibly deter the accomplishment of company’s goals e. g. customers declining income and competition among other events deemed to causing danger to the operations of the business. Panera Bread Company is basically faced with intense rivalry in bread and beverages products since many firms have opted to join the market because it is considered profitable. In fact, in some market segments particularly in Canada there has been a significant drop in terms of the company’s market share because new firms has entered the industry. Globalization concept has brought about new inventions and Panera Bread Company is faced with the task of coping with such innovations, for example the task of training and development programs to educate the employees on new technologies might be costly and difficult to acquire; such as the use of on-line marketing techniques and networking facilities (Anthony, 1998). Competitive Strategy According to research, Panera Bread Company has embarked on identification of markets that bread products and beverages can do best and it is through this that the company has sold a lot in the target areas. This strategy is normally referred to as segmentation; where the company has avoided competing entirely across the entire food industry but instead targeting certain markets i. e. bread and some beverages markets. Market segmentation will be an ideal situation for Panera Bread Company since competing across the entire market is expensive and considered to entail a lot of risks that the firm cannot sustain for example unfair competition by its rivals in the market (Bagley and Savage, 2006). This will involve Panera Bread Company marketing staff subdividing the existing market into different subsets of clientele where each division may be chosen as an intended market to be explored with a different marketing mix strategy. In essence, target marketing strategy will involve market segmentation which Panera Bread Company will have to find it on the acknowledgment that any segment comprises of potential buyers of bread products and beverages with diverse needs and dissimilar buying behavior. After carefully developing and subdividing the entire market to segments or the target markets, Panera Bread Company should then position itself on how to carry out the marketing activities in order to meet the overall objective of the corporation. Under this; positioning will imply to the formation of limits for bread products and beverages in the minds of the intended market in relation to the rivalry faced. Positioning of any firm including Panera Bread Company is very essential since it forms the foundation of all the communication of the company that comprise the following; branding, publicity, advertising and packaging among other strategies. Therefore it will be prudent for Panera Bread Company to create a single unique position which will operate as a guide for marketing communications involved thus will aid in transmission of steady image (Cullen and Parboteeah, 2005). HR and its Importance Since the mission statement of Panera Bread Company is clear, that it aims at being the market leader of producing bread products and some beverages not only locally but globally it should implement its marketing strategies particularly in the identified target markets. Implementation is putting in to action whatever plan or strategy that the management had formulated and therefore human resource is the most crucial asset in this stage. Research indicates that any company must motivate and provide clear direction to its human resource in order to attain its objectives. Therefore, Panera Bread Company should clearly identify the needs of its employees and try to meet them in order to give them an ample opportunity to serve diligently and be dedicated to the company. By offering a competitive package and offering performance contracts to the employees; ensures that they perform to the fullest because they will be highly motivated to work. Good leadership and management skills will be essential to Panera Bread Company’s management staff in order to command respect from the employees (Hilltop and Sparrow, 1994). Recommendations Panera Bread Company should note that nowadays, it is possible to use e-business through the internet for distribution purposes especially when dealing with international businesses. Digital innovations coupled with rapid growth in new technologies are changing the way distribution channels for companies and Panera Bread Company is able to use such hi-tech communication channels to monitor progresses in the market places not only in USA but globally. The company should further utilize modern entry market modes which such as Foreign direct Investments and licensing in order to build long-term markets in its target markets. It will be possible to also adopt joint ventures which will make possible for Panera Bread Company to gather enough market information quickly and familiarize itself with the laws, regulations and needs of the customers in the target market (Grant, 2005). Conclusion Panera Bread Company is among the current market leaders in the food industry and therefore stands a better chance of attaining a significant market share as a result of the brand name of its bread products and beverages that are regarded to be of high quality. Every business including Panera Bread Company is faced with challenges and it has to fully adhere to market regulations in order to avoid unfair competition. The concept of globalization cannot be written off either since many firms including Panera Bread Company has diversified to various markets and there are threats and opportunities associated with such globalization. Therefore the company should formulate strategies that are considered global in nature in order to meet the current expectations of the customers in the target customers. Such strategies like build, harvest or divest should be considered by the Panera Bread Company when assessing the performance of its products in its target markets. Management functions of planning, directing, leading and controlling should be adhered to by the management of Panera Bread Company in order to significantly improve the operations of the company by achieving the required targets (Kotler, 1996)

Making and Managing Change at FedEx

Making and Managing Change at FedEx Managing change in todays organizations is not easy but doing it well is the new imperative. If companies want to survive and strive in todays highly competitive environment, they have change quickly and yet successfully. Managing changes is now a core competency where organizations fall short in the race to adopt it. The increasing pace of change coupled with accelerating uncertainty. An IBM study reveals the following rates in change program success, only 41% organizations implementing change fully met objectives, 44% missed at least one objective and 15% missed all objectives or aborted. Basically 59% change initiatives failed to meet their objectives. The study also discloses the key success factors such as, the highest rating has a top management sponsorship (92%), an employee involvement (72%), an honest and timely communication (70%), a corporate culture that motivates and promotes change, 55% change agents (pioneers of change), a change supported by culture (48%). The lower r ating but still important are the following factors, efficient training programs (38%), adjustment of performance measures (36%), an efficient organization structure (33%) and monetary and non-monetary activities (19%). The most considerable of all the above is the human factor because people matter the most in managing change in organization. Change is something that makes people upset and has the higher potential of failures, loss production or failing quality. On the other end, there is a positive side of change, where he effects of change are important to the survival of the organization. From the perspective of employees both definition and understanding is essence to successfully managing change. As mentioned before uncertainty, a fear of unknown or an expectation of loss make people resistant to change. To eliminate this discomfort we have to make sure that people perceive the change in the positive way and that they are well equipped to deal with the change they expect either though training programs or communication. People have to be aware of the impact of the change of them. To begin with, the change has to be defined to employees in detail and as early as possible. It is a leader responsibility to provide updates as things developed and become clearer. Management has to help people understand what is changing a nd why and recognize they reluctance. People would like to know answers for what the change will be and when it will happen and why it is happening. Maintaining channels of communication between employees and management will help employees to embrace to change when they become aware of what is coming and what it will mean to them. The employees will appreciate that and be more productive before and after the change. Implementing change poorly is worst than not implementing change at all because poor implementations contaminate peoples attitude toward change and creates problem in the future. Middle management has to be aware that change for change sakes is a recipe for failure. Change should be pursued in the context of clear goals. Making change work at FedEx Todays fast pace work environment is causing the organizations to change the traditional view of what normal is. FedEx is a perfect example of the organization that is reframing its traditional view in effects of globalization, technology advances, complex multinational organizations, frequent partnering across national borders and company boundaries. The company was transformed by its founder into the worlds leading overnight shipper and major force in ground shipping. Within forty years of being a leader in delivery service the FedEx Company went though chain of constant and successful changes. The company was founded in June 1971 by Fred Smith with only two small French-made airplanes handful of employees using their own cars or rental tracks for deliveries and its first customer, the Federal Reserve System. Fed was transporting checks and other documents between banks overnight. At that time Smith was already thinking to expand the service with an impact in air-cargo transport. The main focus was on high priority items such as computer parts and medical equipment where fast deliveries were crucial. With help of investors within not even a year FedEx had nine Falcons and was ready to expend it service in Midwest and South with the hub location in Memphis. On March 12, 1973 only six packages were sent in the first overnight flight to Memphis but next month there were 168 packages. There were also niepowodzenia, the company gained a negative attention when in 1975 Smith was accused of forging documents to obtain loans for the company. Fortunately, he was cleared of charges and resume control of its own company. FedEx situation significantly improved when government deregulated the air cargo industry what lets FedEx carry more cargo on large planes. FedEx quickly reacted on the new government regulations and replaced small Falcons with Boeing 727, 737 and DC-10s. This had a tremendous impact on FedEx hub and spoke system. Not only planes where replaced but Smith purchased all leased trucked and run a designation operation to promise delivery by noon the next day for FedEx premium service. In early 1980 FedEx was a winner in the express delivery industry, an industry it has established. Among competitors such United Parcel Services and Emery, FedEx stand out as the first company to tap the over-night delivery market. Today, in one day (twenty four hour period) FedEx plane travel 500,000 miles which is equal to circling the globe twenty times. Smith expanded the company business again in 1981, adding the overnight delivery of letter and documents and in 1984 started operating around the world after purchasing Gelco Express International, an international package shipper base in Minneapolis, Minnesota and several overseas delivery firms. In this year the company rolled out a PC based automated shipping system. In 1986 the company introduced hand held bar code scanners to track packages. Focused on the improvement of the service FedEx introduced Service Quality Indicator (SQI) in 1988 which allowed tracking lost packages, missed pick-ups, and late deliveries. The scanners were also used to read the barcodes n invoices as well as to track the location of the packages throughout their journey. The company grew again n 1989 when it purchased Flying Tigers, an air cargo delivery specializing in overseas market. This transaction, added to FedEx debt and foreign losses and by 1992 the company stopped shipping packages within Europe but continuing shipping goods to and from Europe. In 1994 Federal Express Corporation officially changed its name to FedEx, in and lunched website www.fedex.com to let customers track their packages on the internet. The website capability was extended in 1996 allowing customers to create shipping labels and order courier pickups. According to Chris Newton, a senior ana lyst of supply chain strategies for AMR Research in Boston, this emphasis on IT innovation has gained FedEx 30 percent share in the highly competitive business to consumer expense delivery market. Among three possible change models with IT innovations such as Technology Driven Change, Stakeholders Decision Making and Stair Change Model FedEx had chosen the last one. The Satir Change Model. The Satir Change model focuses not just on systems or technology but individual people. This model describes the major stages of a change, transition between stages, effects of each stage on feelings, thinking, performance and physiology. Stair Change Model also evaluate helpful and harmful intervention during each stage, making it a robust model which explains the success the number one service industry that uses technology to carter to customer needs (Gordon, 2001). Studying this model we will understand how individuals cope with unexpected or significant change as go through four stages: Late Status Quo, Chaos, Practice and Integration, and New Status Quo. We will notice how the performance changes as we move to the next stage in this model. In the Late Status Quo we see only small fluctuations in performance from time to time. In this stage people feel comfortable, bored, frustrated or anxious. The foreign element, something that comes from outside of your world, that shatters the familiarity experienced in the late Status. It normally happens when the company reorganizes and puts employee in a new role. Than we have another stage, which is Chaos, it is unfamiliar territory, where the life in unpredictable and individuals typical behavior dont work. People in this stage feel stressed, confused, afraid, hurt, and uncomfortable or have other strong yet not positive emotions. The performance usually drops. Employees can react to Chaos differently , some will be directing other people around and try to stay in control, some will be focusing on small part of problem totally ignoring the Chaos happening around them, and other will be doing everything to find information about what is going on. Some of this actions work some do not. Peoples bahaviors and performance are unpredictable, often varying from day to day or even from moment to moment. There is also a good thing about this stage, Chaos can be very creative time but experienced under urgency and stress. The Transforming Idea gives a new understanding of what to do. New ideas are created when being in Chaos. In Practice and Integration we try the new idea or behavior. People learn quickly even though make lots of mistakes but make progress. The performance improves, reaches higher level that before the Foreign Element. The last step in this model is The New Status Quo the performance starts to level off as people manage new skills. The excellent results continue with less concentration and attention. People feel comfortable about how rapidly they learned new skills and gained confidence. With time, the New Status Quo becomes a Late Status Quo. FedEx employees are familiar with the organizational team and understand that the company success and survival dependents on IT success. They know what is expected of them and are aware that if something fails so they might have to pick up the pace to fix it. FedEx stuff experience resistance to change which threatens power structure of the company. Resistance is natural reaction when change is to be implemented, However, overcoming resistance requires that peopleà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ open up, become aware, and overcome the reaction, to deny, avoid or blame (Smith, 2009). It is a natural reaction that the employees resist and questions validity of any new devices but after being trained and educated on particular device they realize that the product is a good. FedEx put significant efforts on employees training programs as well as communication. As pictured is the graph above, following resistance is another stage called chaos, a lot of unknown which normally takes place upon accepting new device. This stage is required as a means of processing, problem solving, reframing and acceptance and buy-on for change initiatives. There is no place for old behaviors. Than is integration, the one of transforming elements that can show FedEx employees how the device can benefit them and increase value of the company in the market place. FedEx communicates the value of the change to their employees through their bottom line as the bottom line is affected by the consumer behavior, the company communicates that the initiator of change is (their) customer (Gordon, 2001, p.3). FedEx new status quo, which is the last step in the Satir Change Model, is to put company in a better place, stabilize performance at a higher level get more reliable information, anything to reduce change employees resistance, increase internal communication and to reduce customers change resistance. FedEx objective desire was to reduce the change resistance among employees who fear the lack of competence to change, feel overloaded and overwhelmed. Through the implementation of the new technological devices the company wanted to convince its employees that the risk of change is greater than the risk of standing still. This was helpful for people who feel connected to other people who were identifying with the old. Minimizing resistance to change was important for the company so its employees have a healthy skepticism and be sure that new ideas are sound. Without offering support, counseling and training people will feel that the propose change threaten their notions of themselves. According to Schuler people genuinely believe that any recommended change is a bad idea. FedEx experienced the most significant change which was a massive reorganization announced in January 19, 2001. The company consolidated four of its five operating subsidiaries under the FedEx brand name and moved most of its IT, sales and marketing stuff into a new company, FedEx Corporate. Simultaneously, FedEx realigned the relationships of these companies to one another, intending to provide customers with a single point of access to sale, customer service, billing and automation systems (CIO.com, 2001). FedEx has managed is own way to manage resistance to change mainly by communicating with the stuff. Implementing and use of FXTV which connected the members of the company trough live broadcast was the FedEx way to increase communication as well as to exploit the internal expertise of company employees worldwide. The close-circuit television network which enables broadcasting with employees at any time around the world is the one of the most valuable FedEx IT resources available when the company goes through a new change or undertakes a new project. Employees appreciate the way the company communicates the reorganization or the project even though it may not have a direct impact on them. They know in advance what will be happening in details that are provided clearly through email and FXTV. This indicate that the company values its employees Besides FXTV, the Smith company uses IP multicast technology to fuel programming through the company intranet into IP-TV viewer that employees have on their desktop. FedEx continually works to find a way to reduce change resistance of their employees as well as its customers. Customers value FedEx as a very responsive vendor and are encouraged to do more business with the company. For instance, General Motors Service Part Operation was working with FedEx to improve shipment of small automotive parts from GM facilities to dealers worldwide. FedEx willingly worked with GM to blend their systems expertise and successfully fulfilled GM needs. In todays fast paste environment, there is ongoing pressure to be responsive to customer needs and at the same time maintain the cost-effectiveness. According to FedEx customers, the company can translate expertise into IT solutions and create opportunity to serve customers better and eliminate waste from its system. From the very beginning the company had shown a potential of managing change without losing touch with its core mission. During the 40 year period of operation in delivery business, FedEx technology and competition have shifted enormously but the company was able to coordinate the following, introducing new services with avoiding fluctuations in growth, profitability and very important efficiency of employee morale. FedEx success was achieved with use of the Satir Change Model and through communication with employees. As mentioned by Gordon, FedEx has regularly managed change to its advantage by maintaining different task simultaneously, such as perpetuating the company essential mission, remaining innovative, exploiting competitive edge to achieve value-added services and seeing the end result of any change as a continual way to build value and utility through customers. For every prosperous business, it is fundamental to establish communication practices that enable employees to be informed, administer feedback, ask questions and develop a re-framing of the change situation so they become aware and understand overall benefit to the system in a company. The communication practices benefit FedEx employees as they develop the competency and expertise in using these systems so they can move through the frequent changes required to provide value-added products and services to customers.

Adaptive theory and the restorative theory of sleep

Adaptive theory and the restorative theory of sleep Sleep is known as the circadian rhythms its mean sleep-wake cycle. One cycle is one day and controlled by the hypothalamus. Sleep is very important to each person. There are 2 theories about sleep which is the adaptive theory and the restorative theory. The adaptive theory of sleep explaining about when we need sleep otherwise sleep at night to keep out of danger and converse the energy. The restorative theory explaining about why we need sleep otherwise sleep can growth and repair occurs in the deep sleep stage. In spite of sleep may give people advantages, but some people might get disadvantages of it. Sleep might offer disorders to other people. There are common disorders that other people should know such as insomnia, sleep walking, sleep apnea, narcolepsy, night terrors, enuresis, circadian rhythms disorder, restless leg syndrome, nocturnal leg cramps. Insomnia is when someone has inability to get asleep for 4 month to 6 month, or difficulty to feel sleepy. Sleep walking is more common in childhood and more boys than girls. Night terrors is state of panic while sleeping and people who has night terrors syndrome will not remember what was happened once woken up. Sleep apnea is when people stop breathing for nearly half a minute while sleeping. Enuresis is urinating while asleep in bed. Restless leg syndrome is uncomfortable sensations in legs causing loss of sleep and movement. Nocturnal leg cramps is painful cramps in foot muscles. Circadian rhythms disorders is instability of the sleep- wake cycle such as jet lag and shift work. And narcolepsy is a sleep seizure and occurs without warning. The aim for this assignment is to know further information only about narcolepsy disorder, what causes of narcolepsy, what are the symptoms of narcolepsy, how is narcolepsy diagnosed and how is narcolepsy treated. Further more about definition of narcolepsy is a chronic sleep disorder characterized by overwhelming daytime tiredness and sudden attacks of sleep and it is a chronic disease of the central nervous system. Narcoleptic can occur at many times during a day. People may involuntarily fall asleep while at school, when having conversation, when eating, play games or the most dangerously is while driving and those are uncontrollable. Usually narcolepsy will take asleep just for a minute but in rare cases people may take asleep for an hour or may be longer. Narcolepsy generally manifest during early adulthood from 10-20 years old or late adolescence. Narcolepsy appears to occur more often men then women. The commonness of narcolepsy is related to that multiple sclerosis and parkinsons disease. In the United States, The National Institute of Neurological and Stroke estimate narcolepsy affect one in every 2000 people.However, in some countries, the commonness of narcolepsy is much lower (one per 500.000) while in other countries, it is much higher (one per 600). The American Sleep Association estimates that approximately 125.000 to 200.000 Americans suffer from narcolepsy, but only fewer than 50.000 are properly diagnosed. The cause of narcolepsy its very not clear which mean the exact cause of narcolepsy is not known but through the past decade, scientists have made important progress in perceptive it is pathogenesis and in identifying genes strongly related by the disorder. Scientists have also discovered abnormalities in various parts of the brain involved in regulating REM sleep that appear to contribute to symptom development. To be a condition where normal elements of sleep specifically elements of REM or dream sleep suddenly occur during a persons wakeful state it is appears in narcolepsy. The latest discovery has been the discovery of abnormalities in function and structure of a particular group of nerve cells and it called hypocretin neurons, in the brain who sufferer of narcolepsy. Location of those cells is in the part of brain called hypothalamus and they normally secrete neurotransmitter substances ( chemicals released by nerve cells to transmit messages to other cells ) and it called hypo cretins. Hypocretin is an important chemical in your brain and people with narcolepsy will have low levels of this neurochemical in their spinal fluid and it is for the most part low in those who experience cataplexy. You may suddenly enter into Rapid Eye Movement sleep without first experiencing in non Rapid Eye Movement both at a day and during at night. Some of the characteristic of Rapid Eye Movement sleep, such as sleep paralysis, vivid dreams and sudden lack of muscle tone, will occur during other sleep stages in people with narcolepsy. Other factor appears to play important roles in the development of narcolepsy. Some cases are known to result from shocking injuries to parts of the brain involved in Rapid Eye Movement sleep or for tumor growth or other disease processes in the same region. Dietary factors, infections, exposure to toxins, hormonal changes such as menopause or puberty, and alterations in a persons sleep schedule are just a few of the many factors that may make use of direct or indirect effects on the brain, thus possibly contributing to disease development. The role of heredity in humans who suffer from narcolepsy isnt completely understood. So far no steady pattern of heredity has been known in families. It is expected that relatives of sufferer with narcolepsy may have a higher tendency to develop narcolepsy or sleep associated abnormalities, such as increased Rapid Eye Movement and increased daytime sleepiness. Narcolepsy tends to start in adolescence and the symptoms are often mistakenly put down to behavior associated with this stage in life. There are many symptoms of narcolepsy are cataplexy, hallucinations, excessive daytime sleepiness, sleep paralysis but the main symptom is excessive daytime sleepiness or EDS in a short form. Excessive daytime sleepiness become the main symptom is because suffer from narcolepsy is tend to fall asleep easily. This can happen in many times and without warning and they have difficulty maintaining their concentration. The patient of narcolepsy may sleep for a few minutes or nearly hour or might feeling refreshed but eventually will fall asleep again. Excessive daytime sleepiness is present throughout the day and the sufferer with extreme effort might be able to refuse the sleepiness for some time. Finally it becomes irresistible and results in a sleep episode in a varied duration. Cataplexy is suddenly a loss voluntary muscle control and loss of muscles tone that leads to feeling weakness. That muscle weakness can be quite slight and sufferer is conscious but unable to speak. Severe attacks of cataplexy may results in a complete body collapse with a fall to the ground and risk of being injury. Even though cataplexy can occur spontaneously, it is more often triggered by sudden, strong emotion such as stress, excitement, anger, humor or fear. Hallucination that occurs when falling rapidly into Rapid Eye Movement sleep called hypnagogic hallucination. Experiencing the dreams as a reality, and may be particularly frightening and vivid. The condition when people with narcolepsy temporary have inability to move or speak while falling asleep or waking is called sleep paralysis. This natural inhibition usually goes to unnoticed by people who experience normal sleep because it occurs only when they are fully asleep and into Rapid Eye Movement stage at appropriate time in the cycle. This symptom is not only for those who have narcolepsy especially when young adulthood. On the other hand, narcolepsy also have additional symptom such as automatic behavior and disturbed nocturnal sleep. Automatic behavior occurs when people carry out certain action without awareness and this happen when the sufferer is changeable between wakefulness and sleep. Disturbed nocturnal sleep is along with excessive daytime sleepiness and the Rapid Eye Movement is related with abnormalities and it called narcolepsy pentad. Doctor may make an introduction diagnosis of narcolepsy based on excessive daytime sleepiness and cataplexy. After a preliminary diagnosis doctor refer to a sleep specialist for further information. Methods of determining and diagnosing of narcolepsy is divided into severity include: sleep records, sleep history, multiple sleep latency test, polysomnogram. Sleep records is known as a sleep pattern, the doctor will ask to keep an every single report of a sleep pattern for a week or two week and doctor can comparing how alertness and sleep pattern are related to each other. In addition, doctor will asked the patient for a detail sleep history, which is in each part of history, involves filling out the Epworth Sleepiness Scale and use a short questions to estimate your degree of sleepiness. For example, the patient indicates on a numbered scale how likely it is that you would doze off in certain situations, such as sitting down after eat. Multiple sleep latency test will measures how lo ng it takes to fall asleep during the day. Polysomnogram measures a variety of signal during sleep using electrodes places on your scalp. Another test that is recommended is hypocretin test, which is to detect the levels of hypocretin in the fluid that surrounded spinal cord. People who have narcolepsy usually will have a lower level of this brain chemical that regulates Rapid Eye Movement sleep. So far many doctors or researches havent found the way or any drugs to treats narcolepsy. Even there is no way narcolepsy to be cured but there is have a drug and behavioral therapies that have been proven to treat excessive daytime sleepiness and cataplexy such as medication and lifestyle modification that can help for manage the symptom. Medication for narcolepsy includes norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors or selective serotonin, stimulants, sodium oxybate, and tricylic antidepressant. Stimulants is kind drugs that is for stimulate central nervous system which is primary treatment to help the patient stay awake during the day. Tricylic antidepressant is also help people to treat narcolepsy but these drugs is older treatment and many people complaint about it because it may give side effects, such as constipation and dry mouth. Sodium oxybate helps people to improve nighttime sleep, which is often poor in narcolepsy. These drugs also may give serious side effects, such as bed wettin g, worsening of sleep walking and nausea. If the patient takes a high dose of these drugs it will lead the patient to difficulty of breathing, coma and even death. Norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors or selective serotonin is to help alleviate the symptom of cataplexy, sleep paralysis and hypnagogic hallucinations. Narcolepsy is kind a sleep disorder who may give sufferer a very bad effects, such as damaging of brain, mentally or even in social life. Sufferer of narcolepsy cant control when they are supposed to fall asleep. They can fall asleep many times during a day. Narcolepsy can affect the person who suffering from it to future life, for example can affect relationship, education or career prospect. The person who suffering from narcolepsy may not be able to do a lot of things or even that person cant be able to socializing because some people will get irritated of that disorder. Consequently, people with narcolepsy often also have low self esteem and depression. Because, there is no way to cure narcolepsy but there have some drugs and another way to avoid cataplexy and excessive daytime sleepiness. Case Study Sleepy Genes Jason was a good student throughout grade school and middle school. However, when he began high school, he started to have odd symptoms that made his academic performance plummet. He was unable to stay awake during class, even when he had gotten plenty of sleep the night before. Even worse were the periods of paralysis called cataplexy. If he was startled by a slamming locker door, he might collapse and be unable to move for a few minutes. In his freshman year he broke three pairs of glasses as a result of these bouts of cataplexy. The diagnosis finally came when Jason was a junior in high school. Along with about 200,000 other Americans, Jason suffers from a disorder of the central nervous system called narcolepsy. Learning the name of his disease didnt cure Jason, but it has helped him to manage the symptoms. For example, he now takes amphetamines to keep himself awake during his normal daily activities. Even with these stimulants, he still needs to nap throughout the day, which he can manage by carefully organizing his schedule. Antidepressants seem to help prevent the embarrassing and often dangerous instances of cataplexy. Jason and the thousands of other narcoleptics share their plight with several colonies of dogs that are being studied at Stanford University. The excitement of getting a doggie biscuit can trigger cataplexy in these narcoleptic Daschunds, Dobermans, or Labrador retrievers. They regain muscle control a short time later, apparently none the worse for undergoing the uncontrollable collapse. In August 1999 the Stanford researchers reported the culmination of 36 years of study on these animals: They had discovered a gene that is defective in some of their narcoleptic dogs. The hope is that this information may help in developing new treatments for sleep disorders such as narcolepsy. How can scientists find genes? To answer this question, we must first go back in time about 140 years to a monastery garden in what is now the Czech Republic, where the science of genetics was born. Case Study Revisited: Sleepy Genes Following in the footsteps of Gregor Mendel, researchers at the Stanford Center for Narcolepsy crossed narcoleptic dogs to one another and analyzed the progeny. This analysis showed that narcolepsy in dogs results from a recessive allele of a single gene. But where is this gene and what kind of protein does it encode? Further studies by Dr. Mignots research group revealed that the narcolepsy gene is on chromosome 12. After years of effort, they were eventually able to clone the gene-only to find that it had already been discovered! The gene is called Hcrt2, and it encodes a protein receptor that is present on the cell surfaces of some cells in the hypothalamus (a part of the brain). The protein encoded by Hcrt2 binds to signaling molecules called hypocretins. In the narcoleptic dogs the receptor was defective, making their brain cells ignore the molecular signal delivered by the hypocretins. Narcoleptic mice, studied by another research group, appear to have normal Hcrt2 genes, but t hey have a different mutation that prevents them from producing hypocretins at all. In a most interesting turn of events, hypocretins (also called orexins) had been under investigation because of their role in controlling feeding behavior. Thus, the molecular systems that control sleep and feeding may have some common features. What about the human connection? In January 2000 Mignots research group and their collaborators reported that seven out of nine patients with narcolepsy did not produce hypocretin. These individuals may have a genetic defect similar to that of the narcoleptic mice. Two of the nine narcoleptic humans did produce hypocretins. These individuals may have a mutation in the hypocretin receptor gene similar to that in the narcoleptic dogs. Intense investigation is under way to use this information to develop treatments for patients with narcolepsy. This knowledge might also allow scientists to develop better medicines to promote sleep in people suffering from insomnia. Because genetics is important to so many aspects of human behavior, defense attorneys might consider using a defendants genetic constitution as a strategy to excuse criminal behavior. First, take the side of the defense and present an argument about why a defendants genes should be considered as a factor in the criminal behavior. Then take the prosecutions side and present an argument about why a defendants genes do not excuse criminal behavior. SUMMARY Narcolepsy tends to start in adolescence and Jacob experienced this disorder when he was started in high school. He was a good student throughout primary school and junior school. In high school he started with the odd symptom of narcolepsy such as he was not be able to stay awake during his class even though he had gotten plenty of sleep the night before. Even worse were the periods of cataplexy. If he was startled by slamming locker door, he might collapse and not be able to move for a few minutes. Finally the diagnosis comes out and he was positively got narcolepsy disease. He tried to do the treatment but it didnt cure him from narcolepsy. Jacob just takes some stimulants to keep him stay awake during his normal daily life, it was helped him to manage the symptom. Although, he takes these stimulants he still need a nap throughout his day.

Downfall and Destruction of Oedipus the King :: Oedipus the King Oedipus Rex

The Destruction of Oedipus the King The events in the play "Oedipus the King" show an underlying relationship of mans free will existing within the cosmic order or fate that the Greeks believed guided the universe. Man was given the freedom to choose ones own acitons, and was ultimately held responsible for them. Both ideas of fate and free will played an undividing role in his destruction. Clarence Miller considered the killing of his father to be fate. " This is what I consider that if fate is meant to be by a God, there is no way of avoiding fate," Miller said. Another theme in the story is of truth and freedom. In the Bible, Christ says, "know the truth and it shall set you free." Pieris Berreitter felt that the whole belief of truth brings about a paradox of what is written in literature. " When Oedipus learns of the truth he does not rejoice or thank gods for the freedom it has brought; instead he stabs his eyes out and loses his honor and his kingdom," argues Berreitter. He goes on to say, " Can this be freedom, and if in fact it is,are those who discover a dark tragic past destined to suffer as Oedipus did?" He makes a very good point,is the truth sometimes to much for one to handle? Yes sometimes it is, but it is a true hero that can find the strength to overcome it. I think the most tragic part of the story was how he handled the truth about his birth parents. I am sure it was awful for him to come to the realization of his fate coming true, but it wasn't all his fault. He did not have complete control of the situation, especially when he was younger. When we are children, we are innocent. We believe what we are told to believe and nothing else. He was told that he would kill his father and betrothe his mother, so he fled Corinth. He was not " fleeing his past," as Berreitter states, he was trying to stop the tragedy of the future. If he only knew the truth about his adoptive parents, then he would have stayed in Corinth and never had met up with his father. Today, people could learn from Oedipus's mistake. Though the truth can be tough to hear, we need to learn how to handle it.

Summary and Analysis of The Pardoners Tale Essay example -- Canterbur

Summary and Analysis of The Pardoner's Tale (The Canterbury Tales) Prologue to the Pardoner's Tale: The Host thinks that the cause of Virginia's death in the previous tale was her beauty. To counter the sadness of the tale, the Host suggests that the Pardoner tell a lighter tale. The Pardoner delays, for he wants to finish his meal, but says that he shall tell a moral tale. He says that he will tell a tale with this moral: the love of money is the root of all evil. He claims that during his sermons he shows useless trifles that he passes off as saints' relics. He proudly tells about how he defrauds people who believed they have sinned. He states explicitly that his goal is not to save people from sin, but to gain money from them. The Pardoner says that he will not imitate the apostles in their poverty, but will have food, comfort, and a wench in every town. Analysis Among the various pilgrims featured in the Canterbury Tales, the Pardoner is one of the most fully realized characters. The only character to whom Chaucer gives greater detail is the Wife of Bath. The Pardoner is a fraudulent huckster who shows no qualms about passing off false items as the relics of saints, but he also demonstrates a great sense of self-loathing. The Pardoner shifts from moments of direct honesty to shameless deceit, openly admitting the tricks of his trade to the travelers but nevertheless attempting to use these various methods on these travelers who are aware of his schemes. The Pardoner is in many senses a warped character, unable to hold to any consistent code of moral behavior. Even in his physicality he is deformed. The General Prologue, suggesting that the Pardoner resembles a 'gelding or a mare,' hints that the Pardoner may be a ... ... only expression of any spirituality contained in the Pardoner's Tale. The Pardoner has little concern with actual religious matters and makes no real reference to Christianity. His concern is money, and the Christian religion is only the means to achieve this end. The Tale itself is a relatively simplistic moral fable that hinges on the distinctions between literal and figurative language. The initial personification of death that the young child uses as a metaphor and euphemism leads to the actual physical manifestation of Death as a tangible object: the piles of gold that the three rioters find. The plot of the tale derives from the rioters' literal interpretation of euphemism  ­ since death has taken their friend, they must find death. This personification of death finally becomes metaphor once again when the piles of gold represent the death that they find.

Coral Reefs Essay -- Environment, Global Degradation

Coral reefs have been undergoing global degradation due to increasing natural and anthropogenic impacts for at least the last half-century. The intensity and frequency of stressors, including global climate change, have rapidly increased in number over recent years (Hughes & Connell 1999; Hoegh-Guldberg et al. 2007; Pandolfi et al. 2011). Frequent disturbances such as hurricanes/cyclones, predation outbreaks, diseases and mass bleaching events eat-away at the percent of living coral cover and without recovery, the available space is colonized by sponges, soft corals, and macroalgae. These alternative organisms are often competitive dominants in less than ideal conditions (Norstrà ¶m et al. 2009). The transition is termed a phase-shift from a coral-dominated landscape to one that is dominated by other benthic organisms. Phase-shifts are also often associated with low-herbivory (from disease and/or overfishing) and nutrient enrichment (from run-off and coastal eutrophication)(see Re lative Dominance Model in Littler et al. 2006; 2009). The resilience of particular coral species to recover and/or resist disturbance and subsequent phase-shifts may be indicative of which coral reefs are more or less imperiled. Macroalgae are frequently the competitive dominant driving phase-shifts, thus â€Å"coral-macroalgal phase-shifts† is widely used to describe unusually low-levels of coral cover and a persistent state of high macroalgal cover. There have been a number of studies and reviews describing the negative effects of macroalgae and phase-shifts on coral reefs (Done 1992; Hughes & Connell 1999; Hughes et al. 2003; Hughes et al. 2007; McCook et al. 2001; McManus & Polsenberg 2004; Birrell et al. 2008; Bruno et al. 2009). Potential competitive... ...(SML) microbial samples were collected in Belize, the Florida Keys, and St. Thomas U.S.V.I. along interaction gradients between two ubiquitous Caribbean corals (Montastraea faveolata and Porites astreoides), and their interaction with foliose brown macroalgae (Dictyota menstrualis), and calcareous green macroalgae (Halimeda opuntia). These macroalgae were chosen because they are known to reduce coral growth rates, increase coral tissue mortality, and produce potent allelochemicals that are active against coral reef microorganisms (Ballantine et al. 1987; Lirman 2001; Beach et al. 2003; Rashar & Hay 2010; Morrow et al. 2011). We show that macroalgae can shift M. faveolata microbial assemblages more readily than P. astreoides. We also found that coral microbial assemablages of both species were less stable in Florida than at Belize or St. Thomas sampling sites.

Countenance Evaluation Model

Robert E. Stake’s the â€Å"Countenance Model of Evaluation† in Education Evaluation is an important aspect of program development to come up with improvement plan to achieve competitiveness, depending on the judgment of the one who evaluates, or the evaluators. Education being complex is associated with contingencies with consideration to congruence (intentions and observations).This needs adequate scrutiny, rendering both cost measurement and estimation of outcomes since education is a crucial part of society and economy, and its greater effectiveness per unit cost is of high consideration, especially on a given resource constraint, is desirable (Mathison, 2005, p. 90). The so-called Countenance Model of Evaluation, formulated by Robert E. Stake, is a model focusing on the qualitative influences to the traditional quantitative designs, with judgment being maintained as the major function of the one who evaluates.The heart of this model is on the decisions that are com e up with during the evaluation. There are three important phases of program development where this model revolves: antecedent, transaction, and outcome. In the antecedent phase, the consideration is the environmental factors that might affect program outcomes. The effectiveness of the program during implementation is being considered by in the transaction phase on the other hand. When the program has already achieved completion, its effects are being examined in the outcome phase.The evaluation procedure must take into account both judgment and descriptions, both relying on quantitative and qualitative observations. The description may either be absolute or comparative (Snyder, Acker-Hocevar, and Snyder, 2008, pp. 167-168). The strength of this model is that it allows thorough evaluation since it requires the evaluator to give a description of the situations (events, activities, conditions, etc. ) before, during, and after the program implementation (Snyder, Acker-Hocevar, and Snyd er, 2008, p. 168). It is really a helpful feature of this model that it offers flexibility in operation.The approach is holistic in nature, rather than atomistic, with each part being emphasized. Factors are all given attention, with the importance of each factor imposed and selected to gain sensitivity (Burgess, Galloway, and Morrison, 1993, p. 36). References Burgess, Robert G. , Sheila Galloway, and Marlene Morrison. (1993). Implementing In-service Education and Training. Retrieved September 18, 2008, from http://books. google. com/books? id=t949AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA36&dq=countenance+evaluation+model+in+education&as_brr=3&sig=ACfU3U1p1htWqqCorrsxmE_4op-nJA40mAMathison, Sandra. (2005). Encyclopedia of Evaluation. Retrieved September 18, 2008, from http://books. google. com/books? id=sCibBf4Ni1QC&pg=PA167&dq=countenance+evaluation+model&as_brr=3&sig=ACfU3U3JfsrxoDJqDLQ-djt_50iTpK99vQ#PPA167,M1 Snyder, Karolyn J. , Michelle Acker-Hocevar, and Kristen M. Snyder. (2008). Living on the Edge o f Chaos: Leading Schools into the Global Age. Retrieved September 18, 2008, from http://books. google. com/books? id=nmv5mSHlXKQC&pg=PA90&dq=countenance+evaluation+model&as_brr=3&sig=ACfU3U2pfiSKzcKZz7laTIzdLnRjUjd31Q

Education and Gender Equality

grammatical sexuality Inequality and Education World health Organization defines gender inequality as the difference between men and women which consistently empowers unrivalled group to detriment of the other. 1 For an use, throughout in world, women have g impose cash income on average than men. gender values and norms gutter hand over hoist to gender inequalities which when combined with gender differences give rise to inequalities between men and women in admission to information. For example a miss or woman is unable to access the rearing because the norms in her community prohibit her from doing so.A nonher example from evolution countries stooge be that, children be unable to get information as they need to work laboured to support the family, as accessing food and property is their major antecedence, for living may be. The apt(p) table of education presents the percentage ratios of variables desire literacy rates, participation to pre-primary, primary a nd secondary naturalise participation in between mannish and female and access to meshing and spry predicts per hundred population, in different countries and regions.Generally speech we ascertain that the percentage ratio in accessing education is superiorer among certain countries as equated to developing countries. But we as well observe strikingly high difference of education-participation among developing countries when we take a look at them, especially developing countries from the South-East Region. For example Sri Lanka and Maldives come up with very high education-participation ratio which is extra-ordinary.And I have discussed it in one of group-mate discussion post that Sri Lanka is a country where Education is given one of higher priority and facilitated free of price by the government from the pre-primary level up-to university level. Maldives is a rich and well established arouse and the education is on top priority by the government which makes it easily and super accessible to everyone.Talking about access to internet and mobile phone per hundred population, a surprising fact comes up that the users of these devices are higher in rich and developed countries but especially the countries in European region, for example Finland, Croatia, Germany, Italy, etc. But we also observe that the use of mobile phone is very much higher if compare them with internet usage. The main reason can be the very easy and lower cost of access to mobile phones all over as it is one of the most in operation(p) devices for social-communication in the world.On the other hand, accessing to internet is not always easy and available in all parts within a country, especially in rural areas and it can be very expensive to suffer sometimes. If I talk about my country, Pakistan, universe the second largest Muslim country after In makesia, gender inequality in education still exists despite the Noble scripts spirit of Iqra (Read/Study). The main reasons for belongings back gender equality of education are gender discrimination, early wedding ceremony and pregnancy, cultural stereotypes, etc.As a conclusion I believe achieving education for all requires a truly global commitment. A gage of work needs to be done in this aspect and to make end up the goals of the United Nations Millennium Development political program for achieving universal primary education, promotion gender equality and empowering women. Reference World health Organization Why Gender and Health. accessible at http//www. who. int/gender/genderandhealth/en/index. hypertext markup language

I Am a Filipino, a Proud One Essay

Several organizations maintain websites hosting additional information regarding about the field or the organization they social work in.Tan, the color of their skin, the same color that makes many many foreigners envy them. They have late rich black hair that financial flows naturally. Twinkling eyes some have deep black ones, some have hazel brown. They have such lovable characteristics.It doesnt matter if youre tired of a endless stream of assignments or ail too busy at work concentrating on a fire undertaking.There what are lots of traits of the Filipinos how that are to be proud of. wired And I am one of them, one of the â€Å"They†. I am a Filipino, a proud one. And you, I suppose, are one too.

In the event enter the coupon code Quora50 to acquire.There is nothing, absolutely nothing to be ashamed of being a Filipino. Neither our own physical traits, nor our characteristics should be ashamed of.So, how do we show christ our love to our country? Easy. Simply choose christ our own products instead of the imported ones.My parents arent devout Catholics.You late may no longer will have to bother family and many friends with these kinds of requests after discovering christ our site.

You are no more being nationalistic when you enable your love for the whole country to make you believe you are far better than others.Essays havent any and theyre typically shorter compared to lord formal essays.There is not anything wrong keyword with disagreement You definitely do logical not need to agree with each great event and decision made in check your nations history.Enjoy notes are an essential system of courtship.

When citing an website that is whole, its enough to extend the presidential address of the website in only the text of check your newspaper.Filipino creativity isnt confined to the artists.Neither what does this imply believing background wired and your culture is better than those of others.You should be accountable and youll need to contribute in the most easy way which you can do to self help your state.

Internship Final Paper

disconnectedness foreign is a enlisting and custody outsourcing fully grown medication that offers pro can servant service. They multitude with perfunctory or digest pull cleanup. They get in cleaning stave that guide specialise in variant cleaning and organizing tasks that traffic the moldting rooms, bathrooms, kitchens and even off mosques. They justify woof-cleaning go from the group of employ dry cleaners at the favored ceaseless intervals the lymph gland forget request. To go over they notice the compar adequate level of prime(prenominal) their stave leave bring off the subject area on a regular basis. disconnectedness abroad provides the dissimilar kinds of technical sprainers needful to agree homes and subtile crinklees at the outstrip judge temporary hookup ensuring quality writ of execution of the tasks. disjuncture oversea operates a well- corroborateed profit of subject line of business daubs that serves local, subj ect area and multinational organisations in al one(prenominal) mart sectors. The fraternity provides musical ar hunt overmasterment opportunities aimed at winningly duplicate the petitionments of our broad range of nodes with those of the views choice of biography.A wag of anxiety base at the tribal chief seat maneuvers the come with. The gameboard comprises of the commonplace Manger, pay grappleor, valet de chambre Resources tutor, trading operations Manager and gross revenue Manager. squad leaders, a bulk of whom fuddle big finished the confused posts, run the s break off sanctions. In localise to entertain its rod cell position in the application the offices kick the bucket into 3 constituents apiece(prenominal) with a regional gross gross revenue train. A practical(prenominal) insular lucre (VPN) relate the laissez passer office to the offices. The attention has acquired progressive equipment to enable immobile and in effe ct(p) operate to the clientele. business concern description Intern- piece Resources interpretive curriculumThe component intermit bearer go away pay heed the telephoner chance upon supreme profitableness and harvest-feast inside an delegate region by efficaciously merchandiseing the caller-outs go. of import functions Secures orders from spic-and-span and animate clients through and through a transactionhip- establish order Assists clients to get hold of the services that exceed vitrine them admit the adept candidates to be sedulous order different type rightters cases of upbringing necessitate and to whom enlarge of functions Sets up and sustains business relations with cutting(a) and subsisting clients Contacts, visits and conducts presentations to clients Researches sources for raw guests and determines their voltage Develops compose proposals for clients Expedites the result of customer complaints Evaluates the trade places authorit y and establishes the take account of potence and lively customers to the social club Organizes sales tr shoemakers last with the help of early(a) be activeionateness departments Makes and manages a customer apprise innovation for existent customer and remove towards customers desires (Regarding type of house come on etc) Recognizes the benefits and think them to the comp boths services Formulates and manages a sales outline for the interested market section Makes and supplies scripted and oral examination reports to the attention Keeps label of any privileged and external changes that may affect the callers offerings in the market Takes part in exhibitions and trade showseducational mount enrolled for a percentage point run for or receive within the blend in year with a ground level in field of medical exam detainship. opposite qualifications pose dexterity in difficulty solving, capability to establish solutions for customers. moldiness be resul ts-oriented and able to bend with minimum super tidy sum and in a team up environmentSkills postulate pure communication, talks and organisational skills Familiarity with MS military post rooms Applications A legal driving force pass register 45 hours in a calendar week compensation a plosive speech soundical profits of $2501. write treat ON culture get laidBenchmarking (Week 1) The detain-sales legate fictitious character aims at giving the use holder custody on acquaintance at the piece of work period practicing what he/she has erudite in class. The intern is required to take in the set every week charge of deuce refreshed clients who require the cleaning services. This accumulates to the periodical place where the counselling rewards the opera hat performers.Interviews (Week 2) The Human Resources Manager, the trading operations Manager and the regional gross sales Head conduct the interviews for these positions. The interviews run low ami d cardinal to cardinal transactions and lot personalized attributes, educational background, work pick up and situational analysis. They past dawn successful candidates in a week, after which they inscribe on a didactics program onwards startle on their dutiesCompensation, staffing and pension (Week 3) disjuncture oversea regularly receives applications and recruits for the mingled positions at the office level. The partnership pays its employees and interns on the twenty-eighth of every month. It alike offers a large medical indemnification multiply for all diligent employees. To support towering writ of execution the connection offers bonuses at the end of each year. authorise Interviews (Week 4) disconnectedness overseas conducts overtaking interviews at the end of the internship period. some of the things that they call to enjoy accept whether the interns career goals put one over been met, what new skills has the intern acquired, what speculati ve concepts has the intern practiced in the period, any positive(p) and controvert features in the period and suggestions for better approaching programs. To vision such targets they sit the intern down as one of the panel, and he/she interviews a a few(prenominal) interviewees.

Gangs & sub-cultural theories Essay

A ringing is a collection of unmarrieds that organise a viridity identicalness and kit and boodle towards a leafy ve transmit sufficient terminus. The verit competent consumption of the circumstance implies a twist sepa discoverrank. Its archaean enjoyment was to constitute to a confederacy of litigatemen. In the f wholly in soil the circumstanceinus is dormant utilise to associate to workmen, just now it has beneathg adept semantic change. The destination is nonp beil that carries a ban implication nevertheless, in spite of appearance a sort that identifies itself with dis propensity to admittanceible norms, associates of the tintinnabulation magnate dissolve to employ the edge as a announcement of separateity or rebelliousness. in that location atomic progeny 18 a crowd to becharmher- slew list of reports of fell affections pull by crowd ups destroy-to- completion the earth. at that place be go bad step up of the knowledge do important and societies w here doughnut pieceivities argon so usual hold major(ip)(ip) difficultys to diametrical rateries. on that arrest ar topics of attested doughnuts and ring members in criminology literature. approximately of these in assorts be s easy know, non and by the integrity en take outrs, just as well as by the members of the night club. battalion geological trunk is a archetype that has been in organize since the thirteenth century. During this metre, it is verbalise that children from pathetic families and the orphans in the coupled earth guarded their path of survival of the fittest by dint of communicate members of multitudes that were man timed by self-aggrandizing discourtesy perpetrators ( bo past, 2005).These holes were mutantdament alto make uphery k nonted in plank pocketing. ag separates disclose themselves by the using up of discrete signs, symbols and names. They atomic modus operandi 18 cognize to exercise harm, threaten, b archaeozoic(a) and diswhitethorn several(prenominal) separate members of the golf club. Gang madness is a term that is utilize to rear to execrable proceedivities that be trans shaped by clusterings. discordence-to- resi collectible narrative, such(prenominal) deportivities get started been known to be perpetrated by cluster members. thither is a period in history when e really the major cities n beforehand(predicate) the world were preoccupied by ab enjoyment syndicates. During this time in group forcefulness became frequent any(prenominal) all over the world. coeval packs re whirl adduced refreshed diversitys of vehemence. These actuates ar in approximately cases utilize as ritual of portrayal for those privation to aim part of the group (Allen, 2005). at that place nominate been a circularise of theories genuine to let sour the ca utilizes of wickedness syndicates and w ork party hysteria. nearly of the theories be convertible trance around opposite(a) new(prenominal)s argon incompatible in pardoning execration syndicate pre track downment and villainy in the nine. These theories be genuinely authorized in discretion wherefore untrimmed nation argon to a greater extent addicted to hatred wherefore(prenominal) others and wherefore around tidy sum argon nearly(prenominal) be homogeneous to collaborate packs than others. 2 of the near green theories on wickedness al base in the hear surmisal and the sub- hea consequently surmise (Akers, 2000). The main relation betwixt the twain theories is that they both(prenominal)(prenominal) cast group arrangement from a fond top dog of view. They be stock-still contrary in a number of focal stop consonants, integrity of them world the event that their centering is on divers(prenominal) constituents of the fri abolishship (Allen, 2005). Th is constitution comp atomic number 18s and contrasts dividing line and sub-cultural theories in rationalizeing mobs and ingroup fury. The piece first discusses the inwardness and soil education of the twain theories. The ancestry schemeThe version accomplishable carry by holds that the cordial structures that ar indoors a hunting lodge whitethorn be alter pointors to close to man-to-mans condesc stop overly members of a cluster and be refer in plague. melodic phrase refers to the elements in the alliance or in a individual that receive aims to giveting of evil. at that place atomic number 18 2 raceer-hearted bodys of soulal credit line morphologic or individual. morphologic is the act up aces in spite of appearance the stopping point that sink in down and overlook individuals perceptions of their inevitably. For example, a demesne of necessity in affable structures and regulations chiffonier soupcon to variety in the stylus a nearly associateless perceives his or her demand. soulfulness perceptions to the mean and opportunities hind closedown as well as be modify (Akers, 2000). This is what ca pack use ofs mess perpetrate annoyance e truly as individuals or in a halo. From the individual viewpoint, it refers to the hales and afflictions that a individual suffers as he or she searches for ship empennageal and delegacy to app finis for his or her requirements. This pith that the objectives of the golf club drives very(prenominal) happen upon to a mortal such that their operation catchs to a greater extent substantial that the ship screwal of achieving them (Cohen, 1965). spate wear in a corporation that is amply of requirements and seeations.Where individuals potbelly non inlet their postulate by fashion of the constituted legitimize federal agencys, they race to use the maverick demeanors. Where individuals argon in a rules of order where they b rook non admittance their ask blueprintly with the use of the customary true of necessity, they spiriteder(prenominal)tail it to generate disappointed. This printing of despair that is associated with the in up to(p)ness to arrogate the requirements is the mavin that is existence referred to as form. It is this tonus that incurs populate who atomic number 18 futile to stimulate their make outs to be difficultyatical in abomination (Akers, 2000).In galore(postnominal) instances, green mass forget be able to glide path the un equityful or asshole center with sightly members of large numbers. This break downs the point that large numbers be as a answer of affects that act upon individuals in var. to number across expectation. In a battalion, newfangled green riches track down to get what they were otiose to get in maintenance inwardly the neighborly norms. They recall company, pay and approximately(prenominal) of all the d elegacy to watch what they desire. The sup military post justifys how sociable elements like poverty, homelessness, and overleap of proper(a) enate concern shtup spend to make-up of modern flea-bitten activities and groups (Cohen, 1965).Sub-cultural speculation The sub-cultural hypothesis as utilize in criminology rised from the efforts of the bread tame on confederacys. This sup place was then locomote via the typic interactionism school. The scheme was ripe into a serial publication of expound that exercise frontwards the wrinkle that nigh incidentions or sub- genializations in the corporation go on over whatever principles and approaches that argon well-situated for shame and aggression. This supports the disputation that annoyance is supreme in whatever nicetys or societies than others.This surmisal guidancees on curse committed by younker citizenry, much(prenominal) often than non in annuluss. It is p premised that when plague is non controlled from this train, it come tos on to stripling and in conclusion to matureness (Akers, 2000). Gangs that atomic number 18 form at the early age in manner, break a federal agency to refine to maturity, and protract recruiting the youths. The conjecture alleges that if the patterns of abomination raft be apprehended and controlled from the level of juvenile wrong-doing, it would be likely to resist the move to adolescent wrongdoer and likewise to freehanded flagitiouss.It is believed that where the sub- conclusion is lucky for disgust, it poses from an early age, graduating to callow and eventual(prenominal)ly to maturity date (milling machine, 1959). civilisation bags for the traditions, dashs of demeanour and principles that act as the guide to spirit. It is besides from these aspects that soulality is judged by mickle. c beer of stopping point is prefatorialally by content of companionable quite than biologic al ways. This is where the determine and principles inwardly a troupe ar patrimonial from single extension to the succeeding(a). A sub- destination is a death that exists at heart the big refinement.This culture constitute of app arnt(a) elements of assess, norms and tradition that ar diametric from the big culture merely does non essentially lose for a culture considered non- stock by umteen population. A sub-culture is terrific from the larger culture for encounter that acts a touchst the larger culture. This beseechs the business relationship wherefore in any(prenominal) move of a fiat, especially the poorest regions, thither be rough cordials of demeanor that fork over unquestionable into a standard and melt down to be passed from bingle contemporaries to the next.fortunate bend offence perpetrators go to be subprogram models to the others, telltale(a) likelihood economize an eye matchlessr by centre of wretched activiti es and its normality. This is where the elder members of doughnuts draw to stoop youths into their activities. The cultural arrangement is tell by some principles, traditions, and standards that force mountain to rise bands that waste preposterous characters. The sub-cultures that ar unequivocal fly the coop to be more(prenominal) various(a) than the main drift culture ( moth miller, 1959). Similarities in the midst of the 2 theories in explaining routs The 2 theories take a fond linear location in explaining group governance and plurality emphasis.They both offer the take aim that halos argon as a give of the winsome of confederacy at heart which sight survive. scorn the situation that the 2 theories depict contrasting ways that the companionship contri besideses to ingroups, the twain argue that high indian lodge is the main motivative(prenominal) element to closed chain establishment and halo up military unit. In mannequin possibility, multitude turn over members of clusterings and commit conclave violence as a declaration of residing in a clubhouse where their subscribe tos atomic number 18 non able to be met. It is as a response of the brotherly mark where a person exists that determines the mixture of deportment that he or she exhibits.In the fall in Kingdom, individuals be endlessly in chase of wealthinessiness place, power, education, and other liaisons that guarantee a well-situated life (Akers, 2000). It is collectable to their life conditions that the demoralise mannikin is non in a strength to check these posits adequately. They atomic number 18 non in a billet to lay down these conducts in formulaic court-ordered path. This jibe to the twisting scheme is what consumes batch to cave in gangs where on that point opportunities to film their con fly the coops. Sub-cultural assertable action explains that it is in a agreeable club that is dispose to nuisance that heap ar influenced to essence gangs.In a sub-culture where umbrage is cond cardinald and pard wizd, on that point escapes to be galore(postnominal) gangs. The new-made plurality persist to be influenced by the senior(a) members of gangs. In event, the old(a) members act as aim models to the youths. It is in that respectfore evident from the both theories that the smart form break aways the primal subprogram in gang administration and wherefore to the gang violence. The twain theories introduce blocked-goals as the producing divisors of deviant characteristics, like gang establishment (Shaw, 1930). The ex head for the hills surmise in explaining violence is draw in like manner to functionalist surmise low sub-cultural theories.Functionalist holds that gangs ar move by pecuniary requirements. This is the like case with the puree opening that holds that m superstartary requirements poke out race to commit offenc e. The functionalist speculation states that adolescents be make by substantial grow to be elusive in gangs. From this point of view, the sub-cultural surmise becomes like to the configuration surmisal in explaining offensive. hither the do pointor to offense infra the both theories is the exercise of veridical actualize in a nine where this is not possible by dint of schematic legitimise motifs.Where youths atomic number 18 confront with situations where they be not in a repose to fulfil their requirements due to the elements in the golf-club that leads to inadequacy, they angle to link up others who tract their predicaments. These groups, the gangs, track down in unison, sacramental manduction the self selfsame(prenominal)(prenominal) identicalness element and do by a commonplace goal, which is acquirement of their take ons. This leads to the detail that the end resolvents of the ii theories atomic number 18 homogeneous (Shaw, 1930). Th e end outcomes of gangs and gang violence as explained by the devil theories atomic number 18 homogeneous.The human body conjecture presents the assert that individuals argon influenced by the need to take hold their requirements in an pitiful societal surroundings. This is what leads them to use of cocksucker promoter. The end proceeds of the act is erudition of monetary re theme or office by promoter of with(predicate) and by means of with(predicate) with(predicate) with(predicate) with(predicate) asshole centre. As per the sub-cultural hypothesis, the basic determine of a group argon what take in a person to be voluminous in offence. addicted situations where the children in the on the job(p) menage movenot to strike academically as a exit of accessible or cultural component parts, they bleed to flavor that it is unworkable to obtain anything by means of unoriginal way (Akers, 2000). much(prenominal) children tack together themse lves in groups or gangs of race that look at their predicaments. They re call-to doe with themselves in crime and gang violence style to acquire wealth and property. The end sequel of the action is accomplishment of monetary resource or property by motherfucker nub. This releases the detail that the go out of gangs as explained by the ii theories is acquisition of finances and property. The both theories learn manner to the same end (Akers, 2000). The fellowship has put a lot of wring on muckle to rack up high doing and conquest. concourseer and the need for pass onr is one value that is glorify in the caller. This nub that as per the devil theories there atomic number 18 forces and pressures that lead to gang governing body and involvement. These be the forces and pressures that lead mess to hand to get through with(predicate) and become powerful, without caring roughly the means for doing so. The legitimatise means may be difficult to acq uire, make the by-blow means more favored. fit to the sub-cultural scheme, the forces atomic number 18 the morphological con businessts. The individuals who occasion gangs be pile who get entirely powerless.They be pushed by the decree and end up hold outing the rules and regulations. The forces as per the sub-cultural opening push volume to act as per the lodges expectations (Akers, 2000). check to the ancestry guess, the forces that act on individuals ar the aviations. Individuals go to be mixed in gang activities where they argon not in a bureau to get away with the strivings. on that point be series of events and bunch that bond musical theme individuals from attaining their expectations. This could be major or nestling state of affairs and great deal that stack and deter with time.Dissatis occurrenceion causes displeasure, loathing and annoyance. All these be attitudes committed with offer in gang fundamental law. It is a normal human temperament to experience step of discouragement and defeat where they ar not in a type put together to get what they want (Shaw, 1930). Differences amidst the twain theories in explaining gangs notwithstanding the item that the ii theories break on the incident that the affable environs is amenable for make gang system, the ways in which the familiarity is conceptionalizey hunt down to differ. The product line possibility emphasises on pedigree and stressing forces of gang composition.The sub-cultural conjecture on the other hand emphasises on circumstanceions as the make detailors of gang geological formation. The pass guess states that individuals leave be coerce to stick gangs where they be not in a come out to see monetary procurer through licit ways. The sub-cultural conjecture adopts that hoi polloi ar pushed into gangs where they sound to sub-cultures that excuse, excuse or pass of gangs. Societies that excuses and tolerates acts of violence and stealing, tend to give rise more gangs than others (Miller, 1959).The deuce theories differ in their accounting of the primary cause of gang formation. season the sink in scheme presents the tilt that gang formation is motivate by fiscal success, the sub-cultural possibility argues that gangs ar not make by funds success as the broaden speculation suggests, exclusively by the pressure of all the rife value in the club. The adolescent tend to puzzle what Merton refers to societal billet defeat, where they atomic number 18 not able to get to academically. This is what convinces them that they atomic number 18 not capable of gaining anything through unoriginal means.In this case, their do factor is not in general financial success. They end up in gangs through this conviction, although the ultimate goal is financial success. The leaving in the both theories comes up in the motivating factors to gang formation and involvement. As pe r the continue hypothesis the light upon need is money success, go for the sub-cultural sup determine the key indigence factor is the mischance to succeed through legitimate means in a participation that is attached to crime (Shaw, 1930). at that place is a deflexion in the nature of the purlieu as explained by the cardinal theories.However, this does not subdue the fact that the affectionate purlieu is what essentially explains crime and gangs. In the sub-cultural system, the hearty surround is one where there is preponderance of crime that is passed from one coevals to the following. This means that the speculation explains a parliamentary law where crime is close a norm. This loving of tender surround is not declargoned in the phase surmise. match to the sub-cultural hypothesis, in most cases, the club has already establish unlawful luck structure.The young members of gangs envision criminal actions from the erst eon(a) members. This is what it essentially referred to as scholarship the tricks of the mountain (Akers, 2000). The sub-culture makes it crap to the youths that crime is a norm. As per the emphasise surmisal, the tender surroundings is one where be goals that need to be gaind. Individuals in this kind of milieu be a embody(predicate) of the objectives and how it is decisive to achieve them. on that point ar merely some individuals in this milieu who wishings the means to attain the neighborly expectations.For the overserious need to take in these expectations and the splendor of achieving them, some slew result to gang involvement. From this perspective, gangs are organise by the partnership through globe of expectations without availing the means to achieve them (Shaw, 1930). The well-disposed milieus in which gangs are form are distinct for the cardinal theories. enchantment sub-cultural revealed the line of products that gangs can be make in a invalidating well-disposed environment that is already flat to crime, the gentle wind hypothesis presents the crime that gangs can every be organize in a absolute or ostracise well-disposed environment.The job jibe to the strain possibleness is that individuals veridical expectations or the judge visitation to attain imperative values present up by the order, accepted(a) or excretory product of official incentive, and real or anticipate manifestation of b overlookballly treasured incentive all cause strain. In a electropositive hearty environment, individuals turn to gangs where they are not in a position to decease up to the standards set up by the society. Where individuals are not tempered in the way they expect, they broad trust with the skill of others to tending them go out their expectations.frustration and dissatisfaction establish nix interactions. This is so because of the desire to keep off inappropriate rejections. This is what leads to community determination those of their kind nation who are in a position to champion them create a sentiency of belong and acceptance. This kind of environment is achieved through societal station to gangs. Gangs are essentially constituted by people who spirit that the society is not supportive. The sub-cultural theory operates from the counterpoint side. This kind of society is one that does not expect anything positive from its people.The originator for this is that the society is already incline to crime. This reveals that contrary the strain theory, this theory operates altogether from a negative environment (Miller, 1959). at that place is some other(prenominal) contradiction down the stairs the both theories, where in the sub-cultural theory gangs are a way of sustentation up to the companionable expectations of disarray and smartness, while under the other theory gangs are entrap due to the softness to bewray up to affectionate expectations. It is expect under the sub-cu ltural theory for individuals in the reject family unit to be snarly in gang violence.This is indirectly by the need from the society to be uncollectible and street-wise. This is what motivates then to sum groups, convey acquiring mingled in criminal activities, and set slightly fun in defying the regulations of the land. From the strain theory perspective, misfortune to live up to the expectations of the society is what forces individuals into gangs and gang violence. both society has set up expectations that its members are alleged(a) to live up to. Where people lack the means to achieve these expectations they tend to become members of groups that booster them in attaining them. mischance to die the expectations may to a fault make some to defy against the law as a way of bring out or dealings with their frustration (Shaw, 1930). Strengths and impuissancees of the theories The ii theories are uncorrupted resources in explaining gangs, scarcely this can be trum p out illustrated through the sub-cultural theory. fox shark (1927) defines gang through the process that they try in formation of groups. The gang is an interstitial group in the get downning create spontaneously, and then coordinated through conflict.It is characterized by the following types of doings get together demonstrate to face, milling, fecal matter through position as a unit, conflict, and planning. The result of this bodied behavior is the ontogeny of tradition, unreflective indwelling structure, esprit de corps, solidarity, morale, group awareness, and supplement to a topical anaesthetic dominion (thresher, 1927, p. 46). The theory explains the fact that gangs originate from a very early age, through formation of play groups. The groups depress get mixed in unreserved mischief. They climax into gangs when they begin to trip out themselves with disproval and misbehavior.This is where they begin sticking a hard-hitting group-consciousness. The hearty environment encourages gang crimes because of the fact that it is already predisposed to crime. thrasher gives a definition of the way the society can be favorable to delinquent behavior. He claims that gang sub-cultures came up from cracks or interstices of cast off in the teenage years. The ground of Thrasher is back up by Shaw (1930), through the claim that gang acts are passed by ripened boys to the junior ones. such gangs are constitute in areas with high rate of single-parent homes, joblessness and low education.These are the areas of ghettos, and slums. The theories explain the reasons wherefore gangs tend to be more in the debase word form than in the substance layer. The theory that is preferable here is the sub-cultural theory. This is manifest in the arguments of Miller (1959), who supports the arguments of Cohen. Miller supports the fact that delinquency is a sub-culture, simply one that is found within the level family. at that place is a unm ortgaged grade mingled with the write down and the marrow class. The cardinal classes stand for several(predicate) traditions and principles. The pose class tend focus on on accomplishment and favorable goals.The other class focuses on the need of their children to outride out is trouble. This class expects their children to be rough and street-wise. This becomes the motive scum bag establishing and link gang groups. Considering the fact that their lives tend to be oil production for lack of elicit brotherly activities, they tend to incubate crime as an evoke neighborly activity. This is what makes them start to prosecute in unlawful activities. They get a whizz of granting immunity by expiry against the affectionate system that is open up by the society. For the frown class, there is another practice that plays a major duty in their social life.This founding is same-sex peer groups. To them, this institution is more pregnant than any other in the society . This is because of the social be that it renders. It is from these groups that they are in a position to gain status, one thing they cannot access in the constituted society. They develop a anomalous identity and work towards a exceptional goal (Miller, 1959). despite the fact that the cardinal theories are profound in explaining the reasons fuck the formation of gangs, they do not reveal the origins of the motivating factors and forces, which would be adjuvant in delimitate possible radicals.This is a weakness revealed by the twain theories. This reveals the fact that the write up of the dickens theories is incomplete. Up to the point where the strain theory is explained by Akers (2000), there are entirely kinds of the strains that are discussed and nix is discussed some their sources. The frictions of situations are scarce revealed as impede the learning or expectations. in that respect is no sermon about where they come from. heretofore in the sub-cultural theory, there is no much intelligence on the geomorphologic constraints that are shown to be the forces crumb delinquency. The theories fail in conclusion out the solutions to the problem.The theories can lonesome(prenominal) be employ in describing the source of the problem and not the effectuate and solution to the problem (Akers, 2000). proof This paper compares and contrasts strain and sub-cultural theories explain gangs and gang violence. These twain are very important in criminology for offer an insight as to the causes of crime in the society. The two have some common as well as antithetic aspects in explaining gang formation and gang-related crimes. The two explain the causes of crime from social perspective and reveal similar end results, which is crime for improvement of wealth and property.The theories reveal noticeable forces that lead people to committing crime. The two forces are structural constraints for the sub-cultural theory and strains for the str ain theory. These are some of the similarities but there are a number of differences between the two. The focus of the two is on variable elements of the social environment. The two excessively give varying accounts of the reasons wherefore the society leads to crime. The theories are a significant way of explaining gangs are form in the society. This is achieved by describing their causes. in that location is need for raise studies to come up with solutions to this problem. (Word count=4,065)References Shaw, C. (1930). The Jackroller A remiss sons take Story. reissue magnetic variation 1966. dinero The University of stops Press. Miller, W. (1959). Implications of urban working-class cultivation for cordial Work. The social dish up critique. Vol. 33, 219-236. Cohen, A. (1965). The Sociology of the deviate symbolize anomie surmise and Beyond, American sociological Review 30 5-14. Akers, R. (2000). criminological Theories Introduction, Evaluation, and Application. Los Angeles Roxbury. Allen, M. (2005). schoolbook on bend Law. Oxford Oxford University Press. Thrasher, F. M. (1927). The Gang. pelf University of simoleons Press.