Mesa Verde Park - Essat Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Mesa Verde Park - Essat - Essay Example Mesa Verde is very important to the structure of the alcoves where the cliff dwells also providing a spectacular and significant preservation of the parks architecture. The alcoves are formed in specific ways that make them appear large with arched depressions, which can be observed in cliff walls (Hopkins and Hopkins 157). There are differences between the alcoves and the cave, with the caves having underground chambers that are not popular in mesa Verde while the alcoves are formed after the water that is seeped into the cracks, freezes leading thawing later on, expansion, eventually pushing the rocks to fall apart. Some portions of the rocks drop in blocks, forming very attractive alcoves in Mesa Verde Park. Formation of alcoves is highly assisted by water that is soaked up and penetrates through stomas in the sand stone. The water, which finally reaches a layer of shale, with less absorbent power than the sandstones making it impossible for the water to pass through it with ease but gravity guides it to the face cliff. The cliff face provides unremitting source of water for the people who live along the alcoves as well as the undying beauty of the same to the tourists who vat the place. Excessive calcium carbonate in the area is dissolved by the constant water that flows through the area ensuring that the sandstones are held together at all times (Chronic and Chronic 97). However, the continuous process eventually leads to the sandstone falling apart to single grains of sand which are blow away by the wind or washed away through rainstorms. The silt collected during the process has been used for various reasons one of them is to make mortar mix. Alcove formation is a continuous process that is still taking place up to today the reason why stabilization process in very significant for Mesa Verde preservation. Deep canyons and other attractive scenes are what make Mesa Verde one of the most beautiful plateaus in the world. The landscape was constantly swamped by the seas, submerged below the water, crossed by powerful rivers and scorched by windblown dunes (Hopkins and Hopkins 170). The above process led to formation of sediment layers, which have very conspicuous strata observed in Mesa Verde Park canyons. As rocks repeatedly eroded, uplifted, folded and faulted by the boiling magma, the buried explosives led to eruption of the volcanoes leading to geologic formation of sediment rocks. The erosion of some highlands led to stripping of overlying sedimentary layers exposing the basement core of the rocks pushing everything out of range. Taken together, all the sedimentary rocks in Mesa Verde Park are still stuck together in a uniformed manner that makes them attractive for a period of time. Though there are sufficient numbers of layers that have eroded away over the years or have been deposited in local areas, the sedimentary rocks making the geology of the place admirable can still be observed from bottom t top without much critic. Abou t 10 million years ago, the rate of uplift and

Belonging Essay Example for Free

Belonging Essay Belonging, in essence, refers to the notion associated with the connections individuals make with people, groups and places. Conversely, by belonging to a certain group or place others are indirectly excluded from belonging in the process. Belonging is a connection that we all, as humans, instinctively seek out; it forms part of our natural behavior. Through this process of belonging we ultimately conform and grow as a person, the outcome through which is our place in society is established. The Immigrant Chronicle† by Peter Skrzynecki illustrates how difficult finding a sense of belonging can be by raising the issues experienced when attempting to assimilate in a new cultural environment with all the associated physical, personal and social changes. Similarly, Jeffery Smart’s painting â€Å"The New School† and the short film ‘Mr Cheng’ explore how barriers can hinder our sense of acceptance and belonging. Though it is an innate need to belong it is not always achieved. This idea is accentuated throughout â€Å"In the Folk Museum† as the composer struggles to relate to a history and culture which is not his own. The visit highlights his inner conflict of not knowing where he belongs. He does not feel like a ‘true’ Australian who may look at such ‘relics’ and see cultural significance to them and understand their historical value. Rather he views them in a detached sense â€Å"To remind of a past/ Which isn’t mine†. The poet uses a faceless caretaker as a representative of Australia’s past. She sits next to a â€Å"winnowing machine† an agricultural machine that separates grain from chaff, creating a metaphor for separating the ‘true’ Australians from new migrants. The poet illustrates the caretaker as dull and uninviting, matching her hair colour with the grey clay bottle that is in the museum; causing them to appear be made from the same entity adding to the composers discomfort and estrangement. The composer emphasises his lack of belonging by describing the colour of the museum as well as its â€Å"cold as water† touch showing the disconnection and isolation the composer experiences. The poem reinforces this idea, when the composer is asked to sign the visitor’s books emphasising that he is only a viewer of the Australian history rather than a part of it. Likewise â€Å"St Patrick’s College† also portrays the need to belong; however, it reveals that belonging does not always come naturally despite his mothers attempt to find a way to connect through uniform and the schools reputation. The poet explores this attempt to belong in the third stanza by the stress of â€Å"eight years† passing by and yet he is still â€Å"Like a foreign tourist, Uncertain of my destination, Every time I got off. † The poet reinforces this idea again by the repetition of time in the start of the fourth stanza, establishing that no matter how long, he is still not able to belong. Despite the use of uniform, it is evident that it is only a facade, used in order to create an illusion of belonging. It is not the uniform that binds students together, but rather a unique connection shared with individuals and place. (Link to question here and back to thesis). Jeffery Smart’s painting â€Å"The New School† establishes that although belonging is an innate need, it is not always achieved. Smart is described as a social commentator, a witness to the alienated city dweller or worker in a dehumanized landscape. Elements of his paintings are taken from real places but they are modified and generalised. The effect is that he creates universal scenes which could be renderings of any large modern city rather than being anchored in Australia or Europe. The concept of isolation is shown through the individual’s body language and placement of the hands as well as positioning in the painting. She is distant from the other students, as well as the school, showing she does not fit, emphasising her disconnection and lack of belonging. Jeffery Smart also creates a negative feel through the dark colour of the sky and the sadness the girl displays through her facial expression, showing the difficultly to belong and how the individual feels isolation as she has no connection with these people place or groups. Similarly â€Å"In the Folk Museum†, the composer feels alienated not being able to relate to the Australian culture and history. The poem initiates feelings of isolation and disconnection as the poet questions himself and his place in society as he does not experience a link with the history viewed. Both â€Å"St Patrick’s college† and â€Å"The New School† relate to a place and a lack of belonging. Smart furthermore highlights the struggle to belong by the vectors in his painting. This is shown by the lines of the basketball court, fading as they progressively near the individual, emphasising the student’s estrangement from the school. In the same way Mr Cheng experiences a lack of belonging through the vectors employed by the director, as images of his family appear however they fade emphasising his uncertainty of where he belongs. The director revisits the idea of isolation, illustrated through the severed family connections that Mr Cheng has suffered. Mr Cheng’s alienation is echoed throughout the piece as the director emphasises his exclusion throughout the film through Mr Cheng’s portrayal as being secluded from society. This struggle is shown by the projections of his memories on a brick wall throughout the film, creating a metaphor, representing the wall as a barrier, showing that although he possesses these memories he is blocked from accessing his true identity. Peter Skrzynecki’s, ‘The Immigrant Chronicle’, allows one to see the difficulties the poet, as a second generation migrant; experiences, this being, the dichotomy of belonging to a culture which is not his own and the feeling of estrangement from his parents’ culture. This concept is also shown through Jeffery Smart’s painting ‘The New School’ as the individual struggles similar to that of Mr Cheng to relate to an environment which is unfamiliar.

Woody Guthrie Essay -- Biography Biographies

Woody Guthrie   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Woody Guthrie, born Woodrow Wilson Guthrie, was born in Okemah, Oklahoma in 1912. When he was 16 he began to travel around the United States (Feather 428). He had a great love for music and soon began writing his own songs about the Great Depression and the treatment of the migrant workers, who were forced to move west because of the Dust Bowl.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  His music greatly influenced many people across the country. However, Woody never let the fame go to his head.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"When Woody Guthrie was singing hillbilly songs on a little Los Angeles radio station in the late 1930’s, he used to mail out a small mimeographed songbook to listeners who wanted the words to his songs, On the bottom page appeared the following: ‘This song is Copyrighted in U.S., under Seal of Copyright # 154085, for a period of 28 years, and anybody caught singin it without our permission, will be mighty good friends of ourn, cause we don’t give a dern. Publish it. Write it. Sing it. Swing to it. Yodel it. We wrote it, that’s all   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  we wanted to do.’†(qtd. Pete Seeger www.geocities.com/Nashville/ 3448/guthrie.html) Woody was very passionate about his causes. He felt very strongly about the mistreatment of the migrant workers, probably because he was himself an â€Å"Okie†. His works served as inspiration for musicians like Bob Dylan and Pete Reeves 2 Seeger and not to mention â€Å"countless, less-famous others† (www.geocities.com/Nashville3448 guthrie.html) ...

Festival “Woodstock Essay

Introduction: The colorful history of the human services agency is attached to a famous event in America’s history. There was a festival in 1969, and this festival was called â€Å"Woodstock.† The once quiet little town of Woodstock was becoming engulfed with young people sleeping on benches in the town’s well known â€Å"green.† People hitchhiking in and out of town, camping in parking lots and seeking out food and clothing. One member of the town, Gail Varsi realized that there was a problem. Ms. Varsi opened her home and her phone line to these people. The famous Family of Woodstock Hotline still has the same number that was Ms. Varsi’s home telephone number in 1969. Along with the help of local businesses, clergy, and residents, Ms. Varsi organized food drives, clothing exchanges and transportation back to where the young people came from. These are the roots of Family of Woodstock Inc. Today, the agency services all of Ulster County, organizing programs such as the only domestic violence shelter in the county, a teen runaway shelter, several homeless shelters, several walk-in centers(still providing a â€Å"free store† and a food pantry) and case management services for adults and adolescents. Family of Woodstock was born when a community need was recognized and addressed; continuing in this line of thinking was the reasoning for the MidWay Program. Many young people, although adults at the age of 18, were unable to live independently and did not have the skills necessary to maintain a manageable life style. Young people who were not technically â€Å"runaways,† but were homeless due to many circumstances; some were victims of domestic violence, sexual assault in their homes, some had parents who were unable to provide for them due to financial restraints, substance abuse issues, incarceration, and some just did not have anywhere to go. Many fell through the cracks, before the early 90’s when divorce became common place, opening the door for the new concept of the â€Å"blended  family† and many of these kids became unwanted as younger children. These kids were the basis for MidWay. The Kingston House was the site for the original MidWay. Family of Woodstock Inc. owns the house where the program stands in a small residential neighborhood, close to the center of the small city. The Ellenville site exists in the small, rural village of Ellenville, also in a quiet neighborhood. They are site homes to 6 adolescents, ranging from 16-20. The program is co-ed, and manages three parenting teens in each program. The length of stay in the program is 18 months, or up to 24 months if the client enters the program at age 16 in order to allow them to complete high school while in the program. There are staff members in the program 24 hours a day. The case managers are there from 9 to 5 and are available for consultation, transportation, assistance with appointments and referrals. Life Skill Managers are there from 4:30 to 9:30, for assistance with imperative daily living skills, like budgeting, laundry, grocery shopping, and other skills such as communication and relationship building. The overnight shift starts at 9:00pm and ends in the morning. There is only one staff member on at a time, which they are referred to as a â€Å"cross –over,† where the staff leaving the program provide the staff coming on the shift with a summary of events that took place on the previous shift. Clients accepted into the program are referred to local service providers for mental health and substance abuse counseling. The clients program serves as high need and may not be able to live independently. The residents sign and receive a contract upon entry of the program. Their status is tracked and discussed in a bi-weekly case conference with all of the program staff, program director, and mental health consultant to communicate the events of the program from the previous week. If a resident is doing poorly, he/she schedules a meeting with the program director to decide whether or not he/she will remain in the program. The residents are expected to maintain their house; they have evening chores, checked nightly by the two residential counselors of the program. They are responsible for the condition of their rooms. They are assisted in grocery shopping, but cook their own meals, often together because of the â€Å"home-like† environment the program strives to create. The residents also create schedules, crafted for every individual with his/her specific needs in mind with the help of the case manager. Schedules are developed to occupy forty hours a week of  residents time; that contains work, school (sometimes college, high school, or GED course)substance abuse and mental health treatment, or any combination of these. In Conclusion, the programs are run with the assumption that the staff and the program are performing the roles that parents would take in a healthy family atmosphere. The program as an opportunity for the residents to experience a healthy and supportive family environment.

Life in Elizabethan England during the Renaissance

Elizabethan England (in the mid 1500’s to early 1600’s) was dubbed the â€Å"Golden Age† because England was thriving, culturally, socially, and economically. England had earned riches from Latin America in gold and tobacco, Queen Elizabeth had resolved all international conflicts, and England was one of the most advanced countries in world exploration.Additionally, the arts were thriving, with â€Å"Shakespeare's masterpieces of the stage, Marlowe's Doctor Faustus, Edmund Spenser's Faerie Queen, and Sir Philip Sidney's Defence of Poesie† being written and performed on stage all in this period. Most everyone was financially stable, and London was the hub for fine arts. Who was Queen Elizabeth and what kind of influence did she have on English culture of the time? Queen Elizabeth I, her reign extending from 1558 to 1603, was one of the most prominent powers of the world and her legacy is still remembered today.â€Å"London became a cultural and commercial center where learning and literature thrived† while she was in power, as she believed the arts should remain intact and was even a fan of theatres being built everywhere in London. At the beginning of her reign, â€Å"there were violent clashes throughout Europe between Protestant and Catholic leaders and their followers†. She was able to resolve these issues and England rose from these conflicts to world supremacy. What was the political climate of Elizabethan England?How was this climate different than the age immediately preceding Elizabethan times? As mentioned before, there was much conflict between Protestants and Catholics, but when Queen Elizabeth came into power, she mades sure that England and all areas within control were made peaceful once more. This allowed for political tensions to ease, and thus the Golden Age began. During this time, â€Å"England was firmly established as a leading military and commercial power in the Western world†.What was the role of women in Elizabethan England, and how did it compare to the role of men? Women married quite young, the youngest average being around 17 and the oldest being around 24. They wore floor-length dresses (often times with corsets or the like), and very rarely worked. If they did, it was mostly domestic duties like sewing and tailoring. Men, on the other hand, enjoyed all areas of life: working, going to the theatre, traveling around London as they pleased, with their wives (their property) waiting for them at home  most often.However, the degree of their leisure depended on what family a man had been born into, whether it be rich or poor. Still, men were still considered above women and the social and political climates reflected as much. What were the major social classes of the time, and about what percentage of the population did these classes comprise? Within royalty, the highest in the rankings were dukes, the second highest were marquises, and then descending from there, there were earls, viscounts and barons.In normal society, however, there were the highest rankings in the social sphere: nobility, knights, esquires and clergy, the medium ranking in the social sphere: landholding commoners (freeholders, leaseholders, and copyholders), and the lower ranking: townsfolk, laborers, servants, and the lowest of lows: the unemployed or â€Å"beggars†. What forms of entertainment were most popular? Theatre was above all the most popular entertainment (even Queen Elizabeth enjoyed it). Other forms of entertainment included tennis, and bowling on the lawn, also known as just â€Å"bowls†. And of course, gossip was one of the preferred pastimes. Life in Elizabethan England during the Renaissance Elizabethan England (in the mid 1500’s to early 1600’s) was dubbed the â€Å"Golden Age† because England was thriving, culturally, socially, and economically. England had earned riches from Latin America in gold and tobacco, Queen Elizabeth had resolved all international conflicts, and England was one of the most advanced countries in world exploration.Additionally, the arts were thriving, with â€Å"Shakespeare's masterpieces of the stage, Marlowe's Doctor Faustus, Edmund Spenser's Faerie Queen, and Sir Philip Sidney's Defence of Poesie† being written and performed on stage all in this period. Most everyone was financially stable, and London was the hub for fine arts. Who was Queen Elizabeth and what kind of influence did she have on English culture of the time? Queen Elizabeth I, her reign extending from 1558 to 1603, was one of the most prominent powers of the world and her legacy is still remembered today.â€Å"London became a cultural and commercial center where learning and literature thrived† while she was in power, as she believed the arts should remain intact and was even a fan of theatres being built everywhere in London. At the beginning of her reign, â€Å"there were violent clashes throughout Europe between Protestant and Catholic leaders and their followers†. She was able to resolve these issues and England rose from these conflicts to world supremacy. What was the political climate of Elizabethan England?How was this climate different than the age immediately preceding Elizabethan times? As mentioned before, there was much conflict between Protestants and Catholics, but when Queen Elizabeth came into power, she mades sure that England and all areas within control were made peaceful once more. This allowed for political tensions to ease, and thus the Golden Age began. During this time, â€Å"England was firmly established as a leading military and commercial power in the Western world†.What was the role of women in Elizabethan England, and how did it compare to the role of men? Women married quite young, the youngest average being around 17 and the oldest being around 24. They wore floor-length dresses (often times with corsets or the like), and very rarely worked. If they did, it was mostly domestic duties like sewing and tailoring. Men, on the other hand, enjoyed all areas of life: working, going to the theatre, traveling around London as they pleased, with their wives (their property) waiting for them at home  most often.However, the degree of their leisure depended on what family a man had been born into, whether it be rich or poor. Still, men were still considered above women and the social and political climates reflected as much. What were the major social classes of the time, and about what percentage of the population did these classes comprise? Within royalty, the highest in the rankings were dukes, the second highest were marquises, and then descending from there, there were earls, viscounts and barons.In normal society, however, there were the highest rankings in the social sphere: nobility, knights, esquires and clergy, the medium ranking in the social sphere: landholding commoners (freeholders, leaseholders, and copyholders), and the lower ranking: townsfolk, laborers, servants, and the lowest of lows: the unemployed or â€Å"beggars†. What forms of entertainment were most popular? Theatre was above all the most popular entertainment (even Queen Elizabeth enjoyed it). Other forms of entertainment included tennis, and bowling on the lawn, also known as just â€Å"bowls†. And of course, gossip was one of the preferred pastimes.

Macroeconomic Policies

Macroeconomic Policies An overview of the crisis and its impacts The 2008 global recession hit hard at many developed economies, of which, the United Kingdom is included (United Nations, 2009, p.39). Primarily, there was noticeable instability that diffused in a multiple sectors such as housing, banking, financial markets and then into all the other sectors.Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on Macroeconomic Policies specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The crisis did not only surge into developed countries, but also broke through their boundaries getting into developing nations, where the long term economic progress in those nations was greatly interrupted. Given that majority of the poor people were from developing countries, their economic stability is likely to be greatly affected incase of such a global credit crunch. One of the effects will be a decline in exports due to a decelerating economic pace at this period. Secondly, since the fa ll in export trade was expected to be higher in advanced economies compared to developing economies, the latter’s terms of trade are likely to drop incase of a crisis especially due to a decline in non – oil exports (Lin, 2008, p.7). Thirdly, due to a drop in the number of external sources of finance for investment, the level of investment in many economies faced a major decline during this period. A slackening in labor markets caused most employees to either lose their jobs or have adverse cut on their earnings. Declining house prices, debt and house repossessions were some of the impacts in the United Kingdom (Springett and Ledwith, 2009, p.52). An investment rush was already in place five years before the crisis in most of these economies. A decline in investment funding made most of these projects to be incomplete, leading to the inability of banks to recover loans. On the other hand, completion of these projects resulted to overproduction due to global slowdown he nce leading to deflation. A collection of all these aspects led to decline in the Gross Domestic Product of most developing countries (Lin, 2008, p.8). It is on the basis of these negative effects of the global recession that the group of twenty countries (G-20) met in the United Kingdom to come up with new macroeconomic policy mechanisms in response to the recession.Advertising Looking for term paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More International coordination The first macroeconomic policy established by UK was international coordination (IMF staff, 2009. p. 12). At first, it was inadequate, but as the recession aggravated, many attempts were made to enhance enlightenment and cooperation. Even though the advantages are acknowledged, internal difficulties have occasionally superceded over the attempts of such coordination. As the crisis subside and the demand for unusual defensive measures redu ce, the demand for international policy measures may rise as the United Kingdom start unrolling crises control policies. Two main hurdles emerge, one of them being that the domestic cooperation between government agencies in the devising and implementation of unwinding policies may be buttressed. Two, systems for organization in the United Kingdom must be stepped up so that geocentricism does not choke the attempts of normalizing the global economic set up. International decision making bodies like the International Monetary Fund could implement such efforts in enhancing both shared enlightenment and cooperation between the United Kingdom and other nations (Truman, 2009, p.5). The effectives and credibility of this policy can be enhanced through efficient communication of the policy objectives by the United Kingdom authorities. This will go a long way into directing personal anticipations elucidating changes to be adjusted in line with policy making. The current move by Britain to a llow foreign investment within its boundaries is perhaps a move to implement this policy (The Economist, 2010) Diagnosis The second policy involves diagnosis. Just like other countries, the United Kingdom is using diverse mechanisms to diagnose the situation surrounding its financial set up. This entails an appraisal of the potency of the main borrowers, an evaluation of the credibility of the banks’ business models and the projection for medium term benefits in the upcoming economic actuality emanating from the recession. Instead, the United Kingdom has depended on the stress tests to assess the type and size of risks that can destabilize its financial set ups (Wilkinson, Spong and Christenson, 2009, p. 51). This has led to non – public announcement of its actions.Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on Macroeconomic Policies specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More During the first quarter of 2009, the United Kingdom carried out stress tests on main banks. Although the results were not made public, they were used to ascertain role playing in Asset protection Scheme (IMF staff, 2009. p.13). Following the use of stress tests in the United Kingdom, other countries emulated the same move. Stress tests may not effectively evaluate the medium – term strength of a financial organization. Response to shocks, though an imperative element in such an assessment, leaves out vital components such as the ability of main borrowers, the feasibility of the business representation and the aggressive level of the firm. Secondly, stress tests alone are not enough and should be combined with well established emergency funding strategies (The European Department, 2008, p. 27). For these reasons, the United Kingdom may deem fit applying another approach for evaluating the medium – term capability of its financial organizations. Like other developing economies, the United Kingdom chose not to publ ish the outcome of the stress tests conducted on its banks. This is based on fears that if reasonable but stern stresses are used, these indicators may be interpreted as economic anticipations. Making the results public could however deteriorate trust in the economy. Additionally, concerns about market responses may cause the nation to under evaluate the weaknesses of its financial institutions. Credit Guarantees The third macroeconomic policy that UK initiated was creditor guarantees. There was an increased insurance deposit amount which was aimed at raising compensation covers. In most cases, the government also introduced blanket debt guarantees. This minimized fears concerning counterparty risk, enhancing accessibility to market funding. United Kingdom was applied this program on a large scale. The guarantee policy was very effective in improving market entrance. General bond issuance rose during the first three months of 2009 in the United Kingdom.Advertising Looking for term paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More By guaranteeing creditors about the willingness of the government to boost the financial mechanisms, general trust began coming back during early 2009. Consequently, there was an increase in remittance of non-guaranteed debts, indicating increased admittance to market financing. Capital injection Fourthly, there was capital support from the government. The amount of government capital injection was higher before the second quarter of 2009 than it was before this time (Lambek and Amtil, 2009, p.24). This was perhaps meant to offset the economic imbalances that had been caused by the 2007 recession (Xiao, 2009. p. 6). With respect to the establishment of the bank stabilization programme, the United Kingdom government committed itself to the release of three emergency packages that included payments towards those who had been unemployed and tax exemptions on house sales (The Economist, 2008). The reduced public spending for recapitalization may not be maintained. The Stress tests may b ring out other unrecognized deficiencies that ought to be dealt with. Additionally, two occurrences could raise the demand for capital support. One, the global economic distress while appearing to be subsiding could lead to banks registering more Non-performing Loans. Two, latest changes in accounting that restrict a market-to-market requirement could recur, bringing about the aspect of asset price instability and the need for buttressing capital shields. Incase the private markets cannot be able to raise such capital requirements, and then use of public resources may then be employed. Management of distressed assets There was the asset management policy where distressed assets were handled in two different ways. Whereas some of the assets held in the financial books were guaranteed, others were removed. With respect to guarantees, the United Kingdom launched a program to handle this (IMF staff, 2009, p.18). Although the program is closed, the final transactions with two of its bank s are in a limbo. During the first quarter of 2009, the United Kingdom devised mechanisms of dealing with distressed assets. The mechanism did not entail removing the assets from the balance sheet like was the case of the United States, but it rather involved cushion against losses on various groups of assets above a certain brink. Although guaranteeing assets provides sufficient time to restructure distressed property, it may not necessarily be the best alternative of restoring confidence in the financial institutions. Guarantees are only effective if there are anticipations that the value of the asset will be restored. Such guarantees may enable financial institutions that are closer to their borrowers to restructure assets. Additionally, if the bank is able to access the advantages of risk transfer via guarantees, then inducement to do away with the assets may decline. However, there may also be circumstances under which guarantees may not be efficient thus calling for fresh atte mpts to get off distressed assets from the banks’ transactions. One of the reasons as to why removal of assets has not been stressed is that accounting regulations have restricted price unpredictability emanating from market-to-market asset prices. Another reason to continue applying asset removal mechanisms is that some assets especially those that are complex in nature may not be easy to resolve and for that matter, may overstay in the bank records making it difficult for banks to continue registering profits. Thirdly, acuity of bank soundness could be encouraged by removal of assets hence formalizing the true value of losses to see to it that those losses that are problematic are dealt with. Moreover, removal of these assets will make it easy for banks to focus on their future activities without having to deal with such problematic property (Ait-Sahalia, et al, 2009, p.9). Monetary policy Interest rate cuts were coordinated by central banks during the time of global crisis . This was done to a larger extent than had been done before. This had the biggest impact in comparison to other types of economic policies put in place to respond to global recession (IMF working paper, 2009, p.17). Reference List Ait-Sahalia, Y. et al. 2009. Market Response to Policy Initiatives during the Global Financial Crisis. Web. International Monetary Fund staff. 2009. Updated Stocktaking of the G-20 Responses to the Global Crisis: A Review of Publicly Announced Programs for the Banking System. Web. IMF Working Paper. 2009. How to Stop a Herd of Running Bears? Market Response to Policy Initiatives during the Global Financial Crisis. Web. Lambek, P. A., 2009. AMTIL – The Source. NY: AMTIL Publishers. Web. Lin, J. Y., 2008. The Impact of the Financial Crisis on Developing countries. Web. Springett, M. and Ledwith, J., 2009. Participatory Practice: Community-Based Action for Transformative Change. OR: The Policy Press. Web. The Economist. 2010. Foreign Takeovers in Brit ain. Web. The European Department. 2008. United Kingdom: Staff Report. International Monetary Fund. Web. Truman, E., 2009. The IMF and the global crisis: Role and Reform: Peterson Institute for International Economics. Web. United Nations. 2009. World Economic Situation and Prospects 2009. Web. Wilkinson, J., Spong, K. and Christenson, J., 2009. Financial Stability Reports: How Useful During a Financial Crisis? Web. Xiao, Y., 2009. IMF working Paper: French banks Amid the Global Financial Crisis. Web.

buy custom The Industrial Revolution in London essay

buy custom The Industrial Revolution in London essay The industrial revolution occurred in Britain during this period hence London which was the largest manufacturing center at that time experienced the same. This happened in two phases beginning with the first industrial revolution that begun in the 18th century and the second around 1850. During this period, there was a massive improvement in transport technology from the use of animals and sails to introduction of railways, canals and better roads. These affected the development of London during this period in a number of ways; It led to growth in trade as many people moved from rural areas to the city due to change in the economy from relying on agriculture as the main source of income to manufacturing; hence, increased population in London. The large population worked in industries and also provided a ready market for finished industrial products leading to trade expansion. It enhanced faster, cheaper and safer transport of bulk raw materials an finished goods within and outside London city hence faster exchange, which hastened economic growth. It also enhanced faster movement and exchange of new ideas, businessmen and mails into and out of the city which led to increased economic growth. During this period (18th century), there was a rapid growth of thetown thatestablished the Metropolitan Police to govern the city. As the city continued to grow, the Metropolitan Board of Works (MBW), which was the first metropolitan government body was established in 1855 to help provide the city with sufficient infrastructure to match its rapid growth. This body is remarked for improving sanitization of drinking water from River Thames by building a sewerage system hence helping reduce death counts caused by cholera, and other water borne diseases. This helped to enhance economic development since healthy people were more productive. The MBW was later replaced by the Londonn County Council, in 1988, which was more of an administrative body that helped in maintaining law and order in the city and to help reduce crime which was at a high rate, hence encouraging trading activities. In the early 17th century, the number of blacks increased in London due to the tri-continental slave trade that resulted in blacks from West Africa and South Asia being taken to London as slaves. These slaves provided cheap labor, which led to more industrial output at lower costs leading to trade expansion. The few free slaves ended up as beggars as they lacked jobs because of racial discrimination. Apart from blacks, there was also presence of Jews, Germans and Irish among others. Movements to eliminate racism and slavery were common at the time. Later, immigration restrictions were put in place which reduced the immigration rate in London. However, the London born blacks were able to fit in the society and even get jobs while others started businesses which led to economic development in London. Buy custom The Industrial Revolution in London essay

Declare Your Independence From Toxic Fireworks Pollution

Declare Your Independence From Toxic Fireworks Pollution It may come as no surprise that the fireworks displays that occur around the U.S. every Fourth of July are still typically propelled by the ignition of gunpowder- a technological innovation that pre-dates the American Revolution. Unfortunately, the fallout from these exhibitions includes a variety of toxic pollutants that rain down on neighborhoods from coast to coast, often in violation of federal Clean Air Act standards. Fireworks Can Be Toxic to Humans Depending on the effect sought, fireworks produce smoke and dust that contain various heavy metals, sulfur-coal compounds, and other noxious chemicals. Barium, for instance, is used to produce brilliant green colors in fireworks displays, despite being poisonous and radioactive. Copper compounds are used to produce blue colors, even though they contain dioxin, which has been linked to cancer. Cadmium, lithium, antimony, rubidium, strontium, lead, and potassium nitrate are also commonly used to produce different effects, even though they can cause a host of respiratory and other health problems. Just the soot and dust from fireworks alone is enough to lead to respiratory problems like asthma. A study examined air quality at 300 monitoring stations across the United States and found that fine particulate matter spiked by 42% on the Fourth of July, compared to the days before and after. Fireworks Contribute to Environmental Pollution The chemicals and heavy metals used in fireworks also take their toll on the environment, sometimes contributing to water supply contamination and even acid rain. Their use also deposits physical litter on the ground and into water bodies for miles around. As such, some U.S. states and local governments restrict the use of fireworks in accordance with guidelines set by the Clean Air Act. The American Pyrotechnics Association provides a free online directory of state laws across the U.S. regulating the use of fireworks. Fireworks Add to Worldwide Pollution Of course, fireworks displays are not limited to U.S. Independence Day celebrations. Fireworks use is increasing in popularity around the world, including in countries without strict air pollution standards. According to The Ecologist, millennium celebrations in 2000 caused environmental pollution worldwide, filling skies over populated areas with â€Å"carcinogenic sulfur compounds and airborne arsenic.† Disney Pioneers Innovative Fireworks Technology Not usually known for championing environmental causes, the Walt Disney Company has pioneered new technology using environmentally benign compressed air instead of gunpowder to launch fireworks. Disney puts on hundreds of dazzling fireworks displays every year at its various resort properties in the United States and Europe, and but hopes its new technology will have a beneficial impact on the pyrotechnics industry worldwide. Disney made the details of its new patents for the technology available to the pyrotechnics industry at large with the hope that other companies will also green up their offerings. Do We Really Need Fireworks? While Disney’s technological breakthrough is no doubt a step in the right direction, many environmental and public safety advocates would rather see the Fourth of July and other holidays and events celebrated without the use of pyrotechnics. Parades and block parties are some obvious alternatives.  Additionally, laser light shows can wow a crowd without the negative environmental side effects associated with fireworks. Edited by Frederic Beaudry.

How important is it to develop a Business Continuity Model (BCM) Essay

How important is it to develop a Business Continuity Model (BCM) strategy Critically assess the three phases of Business Contin - Essay Example However, there are other systems or business continuity models that are more elaborate. For the Institute of Internal Auditors, business continuity management is a â€Å"process by which an organisation prepares for future incidents that could jeopardise the organisation’s core mission and its long-term viability† (2008, p. 3). Some of the incidents that can affect an organisation include fires, earthquakes, and pandemics (Institute of Internal Auditors 2008, p. 3). Meanwhile, the key components of business continuity management are management support, risk assessment and risk mitigation, business impact analysis, business recovery and continuity strategy, awareness and training, exercises and drill, and maintenance (Institute of Internal Auditors 2008, p. 3). For business continuity strategies, the Institute of Internal Auditors (2008, p. 3) has identified that the business continuity strategies that can be adopted include the following 1. Manual work processes when co mputer systems are down; 2. Outsourcing when work can be performed by external companies, competitors, or secondary vendors; 3. Recovery solutions for data; 4. Employment of alternative staffing or mobilisation of other staff members who can perform certain job functions; and 5. Use of alternative facilities. In contrast, the Department of Health of the United Kingdom has a more proactive perspective to business continuity. For the Department of Health of the United Kingdom (2011), the objective of business continuity management is to â€Å"counteract interruptions to business activities and to protect critical business processes from the effects of major failures or disasters†. Business continuity management covers â€Å"controls to identify and reduce risks, limit the consequences of damaging incidents, and ensure the timely resumption of essential operations† (UK Department of Health 2011). The business continuity model adopted by the United Kingdom Deparment of Hea lth is a 10-point model consisting of the following: 1. Project initiation and management; 2. Risks evaluation and control; 3. Business impact analysis; 4. Developing business continuity strategies; 5. Developing and implementing procedures for emergency response and operations; 6. Developing and implementing business continuity plans; 7. Building awareness and training programs; 8. Maintaining and exercising business continuity plans; 9. Formulating public relations and crisis co-ordination plans and response; and 10. Coordination with authorities. Forrester Research (2006, p. 2) defined business continuity mainly in terms of workforce continuity and defined it as â€Å"a strategy that provides for connecting a dispersed workforce to the applications, data, and communications they need in instances where pandemics, strikes, natural disasters, or other events prevent the workforce from reaching a corporate facility†. For Forrester Research (2006, p. 3-4), just like Tammineedi (2010), business continuity involves three phases: business impact analysis, local threat assessment, and business continuity plan development and maintenance. In the Forrester Research’s first phase or business impact analysis, the enterprise must identify the most critical business operations and resources (2006, p. 3). According to Forrester Research (2006, p. 3), the critical resources cover information technology, human resources, business partners,

Talent Management In Abu Dhabi Aircraft Technologies Essay

Talent Management In Abu Dhabi Aircraft Technologies - Essay Example Clearly defining the extent of each employee’s role in various company activities is just one of the ways Talent Management helps to accomplish that objective. Surprisingly, organisations have only just begun to embrace models of Talent Management as a means to reaching goals and objectives. This proposal will explore the current model of Talent Management, exploring its advantages, processes, and objective. Since 1987, Gulf Aircraft Maintenance Company (GAMCO), renamed Abu Dhabi Aircraft Technologies (ADAT) in 2007, has through the investment of the Abu Dhabi government, become the largest provider of aircraft maintenance, repair and overhaul (MRO) in the Middle East. It serves not only the Gulf Region and other parts of Middle East but also attracts customers for Africa, North America and Asia. ADAT’s operation has garnered approval from many certificates on Authorities including local, European and American ones, provides the following services in-house and remotely on site: 1) Airframe Services; 2) Component Services; 3) Engine Services; 4) Technical Services; 5) Technical Training & 6) Material & Management Supply. In combination with major United Arab Emirates government defence contracts, its principle activities include the sale and support for missile defence, commercial jetliners, satellites, military aircraft, and human space flight to Etihad Airlines and various international carriers operating to and from more than 50 international airports worldwide. In this case study will analyse Talent Management in Abu Dhabi Aircraft Technologies (ADAT). 1.2 Problem Statement Due to the highly competitive nature of the aviation industry the need for Abu Dhabi Aircraft Technologies (ADAT) to employ a team that can expand its technical and management team is immense. The challenge; therefore, becomes can ADAT adopt effective strategies that will not only enable them to attract, but also maintain the right talent. As likely surmised, the right talen t is paramount to maintaining a competitive advantage in both new and existing markets. 1.3 Research Aim This study aims to  analyze the Talent Management process in Abu Dhabi Aircraft Technologies and to make recommendations for improvement. One of the largest--if not the largest--cost to a company generally involves compensation for its workforce. Proportionately, effective analysis of the process of recruiting and hiring employees will pay dividends in providing insight to areas of improvement. Studies have shown that a high standard of performance from employees positively correlates with a high performance from the company (Peter 2008). Unfortunately, only a handful of companies are able to achieve that goal (Peter 2008). Leading to the questions of how to handle that limited supply of talent, how to procure it, and how to maintain it. The company that figures this out first will ultimately become the leader in their respective field. Bent (2011) argues that available profess ionals within the aviation industry are declining substantially. This is due to procurement by other companies. From previous studies, a multitude of factors affect employee recruitment aside from financial compensation such as development and training, potential for advancement, work environment, relationship with co-workers and boss, recognition, and

Entertainment At The Beach Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Entertainment At The Beach - Essay Example There is a direct relationship between the place, environment, and the people in these images. The major content of these images is entertainment, whose delivery diverse. Children are swimming and playing games on the beach. The Swimming takes place at the swimming pools and the in the sea. This happens in a relaxed and entertainment environment where other people are also having fun. Friends who are seemingly close allies are listening to music, dancing to the songs, playing games and relaxing in a jolly mood. This happens in the coastline where everybody is happy. Different music bands are playing entertaining music to all the beach goers. The scenery is awesome. Different families, individuals, and friends are basking under the sun as they take a view of the sea and coastline. They seem to be enjoying the scenery and beautiful the environment. In all the images, a beautiful warm weather is dominant. It must be summer time as people done light clothes as they enjoy themselves in on e way or another. Such people and scenery can only happen at the beach. The beautiful environment is significant in providing fun and relaxation to the people at the beach. In conclusion, I find that the beach, the people therein, and the beautiful environment define beach entertainment. The images herein justify the presence of fun, entertainment, and relaxation at the beach. There are direct relationships between the beach, people at the beach and the beautiful environment manifested at the beach.

Environmental Importance of Concentrating on Renewable Energy Sources Research Paper

Environmental Importance of Concentrating on Renewable Energy Sources - Research Paper Example Nonconventional sources include solar thermal power, biogas wind energy, solar photovoltaic and tidal energy. Most of these sources are cheaper and renewable as compared to conventional sources. However, in most of the countries, these sources have not yet been fully developed and commercially exploited. The overall limitations and scarcity of fossils have given a rose to the urgent need for developing and exploiting these alternate energy sources. In addition, considering the cost of transportation of energy to far-flung and rural areas, local available non-conventional and renewable energy sources become more important for meeting localized rural energy needs. The sources of energy are divided into three categories: Renewable Sources, Non-Renewable Sources, and Nuclear Sources. In Nonrenewable sources comes the fossil fuels such as coal, natural gas, and petroleum. The renewable energy sources are solar, wind, hydroelectric, biomass, and geothermal power. The nuclear-powered sources are fission and fusion. The advantages of Renewable energy is that they are sustainable energy sources and are replaced by nature after use, unlike fossil fuels and petroleum which take millions of years and special conditions for their formation and are in limited supply. Among renewable energy sources Sunlight, wind, water, and biomass are mostly used all over the world. Sunlight can be transformed into electricity using photovoltaic panels. This electricity can be used to drive a multitude of electrical appliances. In addition, light, heat, and ultraviolet composure of the sun's energy can also be converted into heat using solar thermal panels. The heat can be used to heat water or air for residential, commercial and industrial use. Electricity is also produced by flowing water and Wind in large scale in man parts of the world.

Residential property managment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Residential property managment - Essay Example The members of a household, namely owners or their representatives and occupants, together manage a real estate enterprise that makes use of inputs of land, capital, and labour for providing shelter and other services essential for maintaining a household. In the early 1930s UK social housing policy underwent a shift as local authorities abandoned general needs housing and the standards were reduced to make the housing affordable by poor families. Nevertheless, â€Å"by the beginning of World War II, Britain had over a million council units, 10 per cent of the entire housing stock† (Malpass and Maurie. 1999, p38- 43). Present case study has to be viewed in this perspective as the buildings block were built in 1930s, which may require major repair and maintenance cost, at the same time may be exacerbated with tenant issues. The tenants of 10 flats, who are under rent controlled occupancy, have to be shifted to a newer better block two miles away. Decanting these occupants may involve many hurdles as there may be occupants from the very beginning and most of them may be legal heirs to the original owners. Because of long stay in the same locality, may be from birth, majority of them will be unwilling to shift their housing locality to a new environment, and it also involves relocating their professional or commercial activities. It may be noticed that in areas which are typified by poor quality housing estates, many of which were developed before 1945, were using non-traditional forms of construction, and decaying infrastructure. Repair and maintenance of these blocks are costly and vacating these buildings is coupled with mixture of tenures caused by the Right to Buy (RTB) power vested on the tenants, which makes demolition/renewal more expensive. Compensating the home owners at full market value for t he loss of their home is also a heavy burden on the developers.

Environmental Importance of Concentrating on Renewable Energy Sources Research Paper

Environmental Importance of Concentrating on Renewable Energy Sources - Research Paper Example Nonconventional sources include solar thermal power, biogas wind energy, solar photovoltaic and tidal energy. Most of these sources are cheaper and renewable as compared to conventional sources. However, in most of the countries, these sources have not yet been fully developed and commercially exploited. The overall limitations and scarcity of fossils have given a rose to the urgent need for developing and exploiting these alternate energy sources. In addition, considering the cost of transportation of energy to far-flung and rural areas, local available non-conventional and renewable energy sources become more important for meeting localized rural energy needs. The sources of energy are divided into three categories: Renewable Sources, Non-Renewable Sources, and Nuclear Sources. In Nonrenewable sources comes the fossil fuels such as coal, natural gas, and petroleum. The renewable energy sources are solar, wind, hydroelectric, biomass, and geothermal power. The nuclear-powered sources are fission and fusion. The advantages of Renewable energy is that they are sustainable energy sources and are replaced by nature after use, unlike fossil fuels and petroleum which take millions of years and special conditions for their formation and are in limited supply. Among renewable energy sources Sunlight, wind, water, and biomass are mostly used all over the world. Sunlight can be transformed into electricity using photovoltaic panels. This electricity can be used to drive a multitude of electrical appliances. In addition, light, heat, and ultraviolet composure of the sun's energy can also be converted into heat using solar thermal panels. The heat can be used to heat water or air for residential, commercial and industrial use. Electricity is also produced by flowing water and Wind in large scale in man parts of the world.

Management and Graphical Front Ends Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Management and Graphical Front Ends - Assignment Example MySQL is officially pronounced /maÉ ªÃ‹Å'É›skju:ˈɛl/ ("My S-Q-L"),[2] but is often also pronounced /maÉ ªÃ‹Ë†si:kwÉ™l/ ("My Sequel"). It is named for original developer Michael Widenius daughter My. The SQL phrase stands for Structured Query Language.[3] The MySQL development project has made its source code available under the terms of the GNU General Public License, as well as under a variety of proprietary agreements. MySQL was owned and sponsored by a single for-profit firm, the Swedish company MySQL AB, now owned by Oracle Corporation.[4] Members of the MySQL community have created several forks (variations) such as Drizzle, OurDelta, Percona Server, and MariaDB. All of these forks were in progress before the Oracle acquisition; Drizzle was announced eight months before the Sun acquisition. Free-software projects that require a full-featured database management system often use MySQL. Such projects include (for example) WordPress, phpBB, Drupal and other software built on the LAMP software stack. MySQL is also used in many high-profile, large-scale World Wide Web products, including Wikipedia, Google[5] and Facebook.[6] MySQL is a popular choice of database for use in web applications, and is a central component of the widely used LAMP web application software stack  Ã¢â‚¬â€ the LAMP is an acronym for "Linux, Apache, MySQL, PHP". Its popularity is closely tied to the popularity of PHP. MySQL is used in some of the most frequently visited websites on the Internet, including Flickr, Facebook, Google  Ã¢â‚¬â€ though not for searches, Nokia.com and YouTube. MySQL works on many different system platforms, including AIX, BSD, FreeBSD, HP-UX, i5/OS, Linux, Mac OS X, NetBSD, Novell NetWare, OpenBSD, OpenSolaris, eComStation, OS/2 Warp, QNX, IRIX, Solaris, Symbian, SunOS, SCO OpenServer, SCO UnixWare, Sanos, Tru64 and Microsoft Windows.  

Armageddon & Physics Essay Example for Free

Armageddon Physics Essay In 2007, the September 1st issue of The New Scientist alleges that the film Armageddon is shown by the management training programs of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). A 1998 Jerry Bruckheimer-produced disaster thriller directed by Michael Bay in which deep core drillers attempt to avert an asteroid’s collision with the planet Earth, The New Scientist contends that NASA’s screening of a razzle-dazzle blockbuster claiming ground in science, is purely for entertainment purposes. â€Å"†¦the screenings are just a game for NASAs space geeks: who can find the highest number of impossible things in the movie? The record, [†¦] stands at 168. † Regarding the scientific fallaciousness of Armageddon, astronomer Philip Plait has many contentions. Plait notes that the introductory premise of the film, in which an asteroid of the same size which humanity faces was a â€Å"dinosaur killer† that possesses the same destructive capacity of â€Å"10,000 nuclear weapons. † However, he asserts that this is a severe underestimation, for the fictional asteroid would actually release at the very least, eight hundred thousand nuclear weapons, based on conservative estimates. Plait implicitly infers that the writers were going for a dramatic figure, but one whose complete lack of scientific basis leads to a severe underestimate. It is also preposterous for it to be impossible to communicate the drilling experience of an oil rig crew to astronauts or engineers, former engineer turned writer Tom Rogers notes. However, this is how the movie rationalizes the oil rig crew’s participation in Earth’s salvation despite their complete lack of astronautical experience. But even excusing such a premise, Rogers notes that the film stretches credulity when the Mir space station rotates at high velocities to induce artificial gravity. Amazingly enough, it rotates so fast that it can create gravitonic conditions in under half a minute, despite the fact that the Mir station’s mass exceeds a hundred tons. Rogers’ contention in this scenario is that the planetary gravity conditions could not be possibly simulated unless the human’s height is a small percentage of the rotational radius. As such, the astronauts would only experience gravitonic force on both ends of their bodies, which would feel â€Å"disorienting and probably cause [them] to stumble and vomit. † The Jupiter Scientific Organization also asserts that NASA’s plan of inserting a hydrogen bomb eight hundred feet deep into an asteroid that is three hundred miles wide – essentially a Texas-sized asteroid, which is exactly what it is called at one point in the film – does not actually scale very well. The film’s core (all pun intended) premise is actually absurd: attempting to split an asteroid with two pieces by exploding it with a hydrogen from within would be like hypothesizing that a single hydrogen bomb could fracture the state of Texas. It’s â€Å"like a pin-sized hole no deeper than a scratch in a ten-foot rock. † Such a hydrogen bomb â€Å"would roughly be like lighting a match. Can the ignition of such a match split a ten-foot rock? † Rogers also observes that a flaming shuttle crash site contradicts what the astronauts are told earlier about the gravity being about a tenth of that on the planet Earth. Such a low gravity cannot support an atmosphere – which is why they wear space suits in the first place: the asteroid surface does not and could not hold oxygen – yet for some reason, flames burn in the absence of oxygen. Lastly, a successfully halved asteroid would still be disaster, as the gravitonic forces they exert would cause catastrophic tidal changes that would eradicate most of the Earth’s population. â€Å"Sometimes theres just no way to have a happy ending,† Rogers notes. Works Cited â€Å"Feedback. † The New Scientist, Issue 2619. 01 September 2007.Plait, Phil. â€Å"The Astronomy of Armageddon. † Phil Plait’s Bad Astronomy. 08 August 2007. Retrieved June 6, 2008 from: http://www. badastronomy. com/bad/movies/armpitageddon. html â€Å"Movie Review of Armageddon (and Deep Impact) from a Scientific Viewpoint. † Jupiter Scientific Information. July 1998. Retrieved June 6, 2008 from: http://www. jupiterscientific. org/sciinfo/armageddon. html Rogers, Tom. Insultingly Stupid Movie Physics: Hollywood’s Best Mistakes, Goofs and Flat-Out Destructions of the Basic Laws of the Universe. Connecticut: Sourcebooks Hysteria, 2007.

The Meaning Of National Security Politics Essay

The Meaning Of National Security Politics Essay The development of the concept of security in the global scenario is being influenced by the changes in environment. This could be clearly seen in the changes of the nature of security during the world war and the post cold war era. In post cold war era, the emergence of new civil conflicts, large-scale atrocities and even genocide are in incremental rate. As globalization takes shape in the post cold war era, it is strongly believe that it will drag along significant increment in violent crimes, drug trades, transnational terrorism, diseases, environmental degradation and many other aspects of human life. These contemporary security concerns couples with the enduring problems of ethnic violence and inter-state conflicts are now at the forefront of potential and existing threats. 3.2 CONCEPTUAL MEANING OF SECURITY Security according to Barry Buzan is an under-developed concept (Hawkesworth and Kogan, Vol.2  [46]  ). Its status as a controversial political value and its habitual misuse as a rationale for state policies and actions, imply that the concept lacks of the intrinsic meaning. Buzan (1991) explains that one of the reasons behind the slow conceptual development of security can be attributed to the fact that the concept defies simple definition  [47]  . Another is that power dominates security in the realist school, which has been preeminent in international relations theory. Security has always been interpreted as the natural consequence of effective accumulation and exertion of power. Security is intrinsically a relational concept. In an objective sense, it measures the absence of threats to acquired values. In a subjective sense, security measures the absence of fear that such values will be attacked  [48]  . Lexical definitions of being secure refer to being safe against attack, impregnable, reliable à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦, on the contrary, and to being untroubled by danger or apprehension on the other  [49]  . This definition points to the relational (subjective) nature of the concept of security. One should note that the objective physical condition favorable to ones secure existence has meaning only when set against the capabilities and intentions of possible adversaries. This also suggests that there can be no absolute definition of security. 3.3 THE MEANING OF NATIONAL SECURITY The broadening of the scope of security in the context of the nation-state is a controversial issue. As mentioned, there are scholars who were against the move to broaden the scope and meaning of national security for fear of destroying the analytical utility of the concept. Richard Ullman who initially supported the call to widen the scope of security eventually contradicted his initial proposition and is now engaged in a discourse with the proponents of a broader scope of security. According to Ullman (1995), If national security encompasses all serious and urgent threats to a nation state and its citizens, we will eventually find ourselves using a different term when we wish to make clear that our subject is the threats that might be posed by the military force of other states  [50]  . In the same article, he said that the war problem in security is conceptually distinct from other concerns like environmental degradation or urban violence, which are better categorized as threats to well-being. The problem of defining national security springs from the fact that the meaning of security itself is ambiguous. More importantly, if one uses the state as the referent, as the term national security suggests, he will then encounter the problem of who defines national interests or set the national security agenda of the state. Some scholars define security or national security as the protection and enhancement of values that the authoritative decision makers deem vital for the survival and well-being of the community  [51]  . However, this definition of security carries with it the problems that were discussed in the previous section. Although it is true that the regime aggregates the interests of the people, to define security or national security along this line or def ine security from perspective of the regime is unwarranted. If one agrees that the regime is both a source of threats and a producer of insecurity, then the concept must not be defined only from this perspective. The values that the authoritative decision makers seek to protect and enhance, which are deemed necessary for the well-being of the community, often do not constitute the national security or interests of the state. Hence, they are better labeled as the national security agenda. National security is a condition open to the assessment and evaluation of both the regime and the people. Whether or not the national security agenda represents the states national interests is another case in point. The definition of national security interest is relative to the one defining it. On the other hand, the national security agenda can be defined objectively and easily inferred from the national security policies of the government. National Security is better defined as the condition wherein the peoples way of life and institutions, their territorial integrity and sovereignty including their well-being are protected and enhanced  [52]  . This definition captures the essence of the state as composed of the people and the regime. It talks about two concerns, that of the peoples interest (well being) and that of the regime (sovereignty). 3.4 PILLARS OF NATIONAL SECURITY National Security rests on several pillars: social cohesion and solidarity, economic prosperity and stability, political unity and stability. Genuine security cannot be achieved if any of these pillars are absent  [53]  . The degree of security, which a country enjoys, depends ultimately on the strength of the pillars of national security. A country cannot be secure when one of its national security pillars is tenuous. These three pillars of security are interrelated and mutually reinforcing. Therefore, they must be built simultaneously. The responsibility of building these pillars rest on the people and the government/regime. The government leads the people while the people provide support to the government. By analogy, the government serves as the equipment or machinery for building the pillars while the people serve as the laborers, who use the equipment in building the foundations of national security. Social Cohesion and Stability Peaceful and harmonious co-existence among the people, regardless of social and cultural differences, is a foundation of national security  [54]  . This is achieved when people observe mutual respect for their values and beliefs. People must also offer cooperation and mutual support. Social cohesion allows consensus building necessary for effective decision-making. With social cohesion, the choices, decisions, and the consequent actions that government undertakes based on the concerns of the people become effective and persist despite challenges from the outside. Social cohesion embraces concepts such as moral spiritual consensus and cultural cohesiveness. Economic Prosperity and Stability Economic prosperity enhances the well being of the people. Without economic prosperity, the aspirations of the people to live a decent life cannot be attained. It is only when the country enjoys economic prosperity that people can live with dignity. It is a key element in augmenting national power, prestige, and influence. The development and sustenance of diplomatic and military power heavily depends on this. Economic prosperity embraces concepts such as ecological balance and sustainable development  [55]  . Political Unity and Stability Political unity means that there is cooperation among the different branches of government. It exists when those who exercise legitimate authority and political power act in concert toward the attainment common goals. When the political leadership is divided, the people are caught in a quandary as to which among those who exercise legitimate authority and political power should they support  [56]  . This puts the people in a dilemma where they have reservations and doubts on the policies and actions that the government undertakes. Public support is therefore essential to the governments success in meeting security challenges. The social, economic, and political aspects are permanent elements of national security foundations. The customs, traditions, laws, policies shall determine their respective status and quality, and strategies adopted by the government. The three pillars shall be created and shall operate within the context of the prevailing politico-legal organizing ideology of the state. It should be noted that no single pillar could guarantee security on its own. 3.5 THE DNYAMICS OF THE FOUNDATIONS OF NATIONAL SECURITY The pillars of national security are interrelated and mutually reinforcing. Social cohesion affects economic prosperity and stability. Social divisions and strife (e.g., sectoral or ethno-linguistic conflicts) could retard the nations economic development activities. For instance, policy disagreements between the government and the private sector could eventually affect the welfare of the people and the nations income. Economic prosperity or the level of development of the nations economy and the peoples sense of security has a positive correlation. Citizens of developed countries certainly feel more secure than those of underdeveloped countries. Economic development and prosperity are perhaps the ultimate objective a nation seeks to achieve. Economic development affects social cohesion  [57]  . When there is only a small pie available to be divided for the people, equal distribution will create a situation where each of the recipients get a small piece not sufficient for his nee ds. However, unequal distribution will leave others with little or no piece at all. Both situations leave the people dissatisfied. From Indonesias experience, economic instability can undermine the legitimacy of the regime. Barely ten months after the July 2, 1997 financial crisis hit Thailand, the regime of President Suharto was toppled. Although Indonesia is a relatively rich country in terms of natural resources and has achieved a relatively high economic growth prior the financial crisis, economic instability made the Suharto regime unpopular, which led to its demise  [58]  . Economic growth, once attained, does not automatically translate and ensure security. When the fruits of economic growth are not equitably distributed within domestic society, the threat of social unrest remains. Inequity or the rising inequality in the distribution of economic gains creates social divisions that could lead to violence and social anarchy. Political unity refers to a united leadership. Unity among the political leaders from the different branches of government facilitates fast and effective implementation of policies and programs, which are requisites of a secure nation. It allows government to take firm and decisive steps in addressing the different challenges that the nation faces. It also facilitates the quick delivery of services needed by the people. Each of the pillars of national security has to be stable and solid. Social cohesion, economic prosperity, and political unity if not stable and solid will not lead to genuine security. Thus, once these pillars have been built, they have to be maintained, protected, and enhanced. These are the basic responsibilities of a state. 3.6 BUILDING THE FOUNDATIONS OF NATIONAL SECURITY The different pillars of national security are not intrinsic to every nation. They have to be built. The responsibility of building the foundations of national security ultimately rests on the people as its ultimate beneficiary, and the duly constituted government, which shall exercise authority delegated to it by the people  [59]  . The regime shall lead the people towards the attainment of national security by formulating appropriate policies and strategies, and laws conducive to the enhancement and protection of national security interests. The people on the other hand, shall support the government in its security engagements. The government, through the different agencies and instrumentalities, has the responsibility of formulating appropriate policies, as well as strategies, which will pave way to the realization of the aspirations of the people. 3.7 DIPLOMACY AND MILITARY Security is a condition or state of affairs, which can be created or attained using the different political instruments such as diplomacy and military. In the literature, three conventional instruments of national power have been identified: economic, politico-diplomatic, and military instruments  [60]  . The economic instrument refers to the use of economic rewards and/or penalties to influence the policies of government leaders or states. This is done through Aid, Trade Preference Status, Trade Embargo, etc. The diplomatic instrument consists of the activities of a countrys diplomats to convince another party or state to comply with the desired policy preferences of the former. The military instrument refers to the outright use or employment of force to get states to comply with the desired policies. In this framework, the instruments of national power include only diplomacy and military. Economic strength is not included in the list. The economic aspect or the level of economic development is identified as a foundation and not as an instrument for the pursuit of national security interests and objectives. The reason being is that economic strength, as an instrument, finds expression in diplomacy (economic punishment or rewards) and a sophisticated military. Japan and the US are both economically prosperous countries, yet their abilities to influence the policies of other states differ. Diplomacy is commonly understood as belonging only to the realm of foreign relations. This is understandable since, in most cases, diplomacy finds its utility in the conduct of international relations. Under this framework, diplomacy is broadly defined as a means to shape the security environment by influencing policies and/or behavior of political actors, state and non-state actors alike, through an act of persuasion  [61]  . This definition extends to actors in the domestic arena and is not limited to international relations. This broader definition of diplomacy does not mean that all acts of persuasion are diplomatic acts. Diplomacy applies only to political entities or groups  [62]  . Interstate diplomacy and intrastate diplomacy have the same purpose and utility. The only difference between the two is that in the interstate diplomacy parties involve has mutual acknowledgement of their sovereignties while the opposite is true in the intrastate diplomacy. Example is the peace engagement the Philippine government had with the MNLF and the current peace engagement of the government with the MILF. Diplomacy in international relations is an act of one sovereign nation to influence the behaviors or policies of another sovereign nation by means of persuasion. Diplomacy is defined as such a process because one state (object of persuasion) is not subject to the laws the other (persuading state)  [63]  . Thus, the former cannot be compelled to behave according to the latters desire. In most cases, persuasion is a function of economic punishment or reward. Thus, effective diplomacy must be back up by economic rewards or economic punishment. This is one reason why the economic aspect is treated as foundation and not as instrument. Military instrument, like diplomacy is a function of economic development. Governments capability to acquire sophisticated military arsenal and build a strong and capable armed force depends on the countrys economic status. The modernization of the nations armed force requires the backing of its economic and technological forces, and the modernization level of national defense can only be improved gradually along with the enhancement of the countrys economic strength. Further, a capable armed force complements diplomacy. Often, when one carries a big stick, there is little room for discussion. The effectiveness of military and diplomatic instruments depends heavily on the states economic status. The question of when, how, and against whom these instruments will be used is a matter of choice of the people, as articulated by the government. Political unity and social cohesion, therefore, affects the manner, timing, and the object of the political instruments. The strength and effectiveness of the instruments depends on the strength and stability of the foundations of national security. 3.8 NATIONAL SECURITY INSTRUMENTS AND NATIONAL SECURITY FOUNDATION The elements of national power include social, politico-diplomatic, economic, and military aspects. Accordingly, national unity (consisting of social cohesion and political unity and solidarity), economic solidarity and strength, diplomatic and military strength and capability of the state are all identified in the literature as instruments, which the state may use in pursuing its national security objectives or interests  [64]  . Thus it is deems necessary to separate social cohesion, political unity, solidarity, and economic strength from the list of instruments. Although all of these are instrumental in the states successes or failures in pursuing national interests, it is important that they be distinguished, based on the functions they support. One reason is that the social, political, and economic aspects of security are often developed over a long period. Little can be done, at least in the short run, when the states reserves of raw materials, socio-political structure, and other initiatives require the formulation of a range of policy instruments that are not normally available. This distinction between the foundations and instruments of national security is perhaps best explained by the words of Malaysian Prime Minister Mahathir Mohammad when he defined security as follows, Security is not just a matter of military capability. National security is inseparable from political stability, economic success, and social harmony. Without these all the guns in the world cannot prevent a country from being overcome by its enemies, whose ambitions can sometimes be fulfilled without firing a single shot  [65]  . Political, economy and social stabilities are thus, contributors and essentials to achieve security. 3.9 SUMMARY In summary, in the literature, the people and the state are the only identified two distinct referents of security. This divide between the people and state is unwarranted. As it is, the people are an essential element of the state and that there are two organic/living components of the state: government and the people. The regime exercises authority over the people according to the political-legal ideology adopted by the state. However, there is an analytical utility in distinguishing the regime from the state. The usual equation of the regime with the state makes analysis difficult and the conclusions based on this analysis are often contestable. Sometimes, identified threats to state security are actually threats not to the state but only to the regime. Similarly, the interest of the regime is not equivalent to the interest of the state and the latters interests may in fact serve as threats to the security of the people. National interests composed of the peoples and the regimes interests shall be the responsibility of the state (people and government)  [66]  . In the realm of international relations, the state shall be the key actor (state is represented by the government). Although he acknowledges the existence of non-state groupings (i.e., multi-national companies and non-government organizations), he believes that the government remains the final arbiter on the demands of these groupings. The interests of these groups shall be included in the aggregation process and shall be included in the security agenda of the state.

Huck Finn :: essays research papers

Chapter 33 Huck meets Tom Sawyer on the road and stops his carriage. Tom is frightened and thinks he is seeing a ghost, but Huck reassures him and they settle down. Huck then tells Tom what has happened at the Phelps's and Tom thinks about what they should do. He then tells Huck to return to the farm with his suitcase while he returns to the town and starts the trip over. Huck gets back and soon thereafter Tom arrives. The family is excited because they do not get very many visitors so they make Tom welcome. Tom makes up a whole story about his hometown and then impudently kisses Aunt Sally right on the mouth. She is so shocked that she nearly hits him over the head with her spinning stick until Tom tells her that he is Sid Sawyer. Silas then explains that Jim revealed to him what a scandal the Royal Nonesuch really was. Silas says that he told the rest of the town, and he figures they will ride the two cheats out of town that night. Huck and Tom climb out of their windows in a last minute attempt to warn the Duke and King, but they are too late. They see the two men being paraded through the street all covered in tar and feathers. Huck remarks that human beings can be awfully cruel to one another. Chapter 34 Tom and Huck think about ways to break Jim out of his prison. Huck plans to get the raft, steal the key to the padlock, unlock the door and then float down the river some more. Tom tells him that plan is too simple and would work too well. Tom's plan is much more elaborate and stylish, and takes a great deal longer to implement. The boys go to the hut where Jim is being kept and search around. Finally Tom decides that the best way, or at least the way that will take the longest, is to dig a hole for Jim to climb out of. The next day he and Huck follow the black man who is delivering Jim's food. Jim recognizes them and calls them by name, but both boys pretend not to have heard anything. When he has a chance, Tom tells Jim that they are going to dig him out. Jim is so happy he grabs Tom's hand and shakes it.

A Speech to Be Delivered to the Parents Teachers Association the Causes of Student Unrest and Suggest How It Can Be Prevented

Composition of Blood Blood contains a nonliving fluid matrix (plasma) in which living cells (formed elements) are suspended. Blood contains 55% plasma and 45% formed elements. Plasma is over 90% water. It also contains electrolytes (salts), plasma proteins, and substances transported by blood (i. e. nutrients, hormones, etc. ). The three types of formed elements are erythrocytes (RBCs), leukocytes (WBCs), and platelets FUNCTIONS OF BLOOD functions  of the  blood  are: o transport  oxygen  away from the lungs and around the body; and  CO2  from the body cells to the lungs. to transport  nutrients  such as glucose and amino acids from the digestive system to the cells in our bodies. to take  waste products  such as lactic acid away from the muscles when it's produced by anaerobic respiration; and urea from the liver to the kidneys and bladder. By maintaining a good circulation, the bloodflow keeps your core body  temperature BLOOD DISEASES lood disease,  any d isease of the  blood, involving the red blood cells erythrocytes, white blood cells leukocytes, or  platelets  (thrombocytes) or the tissues in which these elements are formed—the  bone marrow,  lymph nodes, and  spleen or of  bleeding and blood clotting. Long before the nature and composition of blood were known, a variety of symptoms were attributed to disordered blood. Red blood cells were not recognized until the 17th century, and it was another 100 years before one of the types of white blood cells, the  lymphocyte, and the clotting of blood (coagulation) were described.In the 19th century other forms of leukocytes were discovered, and a number of diseases of the blood and blood-forming organs were distinguished. Morphological changes—the changes in form and structure—that take place in the blood during disease and the signs and symptoms of the various blood diseases were described in the 19th century and the first quarter of the 20th centur y. In the years that followed, a more physiological approach began to develop, concerned with the mechanisms underlying the development of blood disease and with the ways in which abnormalities might be corrected.

?Chemical Medications or Natural Healing

?Chemical Medications or Natural Healing Many times when people get sick they go to the doctor to be diagnosed, then they make their way to the pharmacy to pick up the prescriptions the doctors say you need to cure the problem. What if the prescription is wrong? But is there a better solution? Natural healing is much better than any chemical medication the doctor prescribes to you because they are natural and more effective. Many prescriptions are easy to overdose on, and usually end in death or serious health problems. Overdosing on NSAIDs also can damage kidneys† says transplant pharmacist McDevitt, a clinical specialist in organ transplantation at Tufts Medical Center. Prescriptions aren’t the only drug that people can overdose on. It is very common for people to overdose on over-the-counter drugs such as Tylenol, Aleve, and ibuprofen. â€Å"People play loose and free with Benadryl,† says Ausim Azizi, chair of the department of neurology at Temple University Sc hool of Medicine. â€Å"There are a lot of side effects.One is loss of memory in the imediant period after taking it, and disorientation in older people. † Experts are trying to get the manufacturers to make it harder for people to overdose, but what if they got rid of all the chemical ingredients and replaced them with natural herbs and plants? Without the chemicals made in medications, then people wouldn’t have to worry about overdosing and cause damage to their body. Chemical medications have very serious side effects that can cause death in extreme cases.Many people just ignore these serious effects because they think they have no other choice. Chemical medicines do work, but natural medications work better and longer. â€Å"The best thing is to find the best medicine that will be fast and effective. And in the health market out there, there are tons of medicines that will promise to do that, yet at the same time, the small print tells us to beware of the side eff ects. This little warning is one that we often ignore. Yet at the same time it is important to acknowledge its existence so that we do not end up making ourselves sicker.Natural health medicine has the benefits in that it is one of the few medicines that have little or no side effects. The only side effect that it might have is if you are allergic to a certain ingredient and you didn’t know it. † [Crosshealth, Emmanuel Aubrey] Approximately 25% of the prescription drugs sold in the United States are plant based. These medications are better for the body but not as good as the all natural medicine. When the chemicals are added to the pills, they cancel out the healing powers of the plant.Natural medications actually heal the sickness and infection, instead of just covering up the symptoms. Chemical medications are made to cover up the symptoms so people can go on with their days without having to suffer with misery of the illness. â€Å"Conventional medicine focuses on symptoms and uses ‘drugs’ (man made synthetics) to ‘suppress,’ (NOT heal) those symptoms. Natural health and alternative medicine focuses on the ‘causes’ and getting to the ‘root cause,’ which always improves your overall health.This is the right way of curing health problems, instead of just ‘masking’ it. † [Jonathan Benson] Natural healing does take longer than the quick chemicals, but they heal thoroughly and have a no chance of making someone sicker or killing. Doctors say that natural cures are dangerous and a misuse of public money. They call it encouraged quackery. Professor Marcello Costa of Flinders University said: â€Å"It is disturbing to see a centre of learning†¦ perpetuating health practices based on beliefs in principles that are totally unscientific. Doctors are wrong about natural healing not being proven scientifically. The NCCAM (National Center of Complementary and Alternative Medicine) has proven and backed up many alternative treatments such as chiropractic and acupuncture practices. Natural healing should be the first thing given to a patient when they have been diagnosed by a doctor. Chemical medications have been known to be overdosed on, to have caused serious side effects, and have been known to not heal the problem but to just simply cover up the symptoms that let a person know something is wrong.

Brief Notes on Karl Marx Essay

â€Å"Workers of the world unite, you have nothing to lose but your chains† Karl Marx, a 19th century sociologist, philosopher and political economist who suggested a theory explaining the conflict between capital and labour, and the role of classes in the state, has had a profound influence on political thinking all over the world. Karl Marx was born on May 5, 1818, in Prussia. His family was Jewish, but later converted to Protestanism. Marx read law at university, majoring in history and philosophy. He concluded his university course in 1841. A revolutionary, he upset too many governments on the continent and eventually settled in London, where he died in 1883. â€Å"ACCORDING TO MARX, human civilization has manifested itself in a series of organizational structures, each determined by its primary mode of production, particularly the division of labor that dominates in each stage. â€Å"Ideology functions as the superstructure of a civilization: the conventions and culture that make up the dominant ideas of a society. The â€Å"ruling ideas† of a given epoch are, however, those of the ruling class: â€Å"The ruling ideas are nothing more than the ideal expression of the dominant material relationships, the dominant material relationships grasped as ideas; hence of the relationships which make the one class the ruling one, therefore, the ideas of their dominance†. Since one goal of ideology is to legitimize those forces in a position of hegemony, it tends to obfuscate the violence and exploitation that often keep a disempowered group in its place (from slaves in tribal society to the peasantry in feudal society to the proletariat in capitalist society). The obfuscation necessarily leads to logical contradictions in the dominant ideology, which Marxism works to uncover by returning to the material conditions of a society: a society’s mode o f production. â€Å"The material conditions existing at a given time period Marx refers to as  the means of production. Any given time period’s ideology is most clearly revealed by uncovering the material conditions of production: the means of production, as well as the relations of production (the ways the society structures the relations between individuals, particularly through the division of labor), which together make up the mode of production: â€Å"life involves before everything else eating and drinking, a habitation, clothing and many other things. The first historical act is thus the production of the means to satisfy these needs, the production of material life itself† (48). For Marx, it is the materiality of human production that directly influences ideology: â€Å"Life is not determined by consciousness, but consciousness by life†. Felluga, Dino. (2003) â€Å"Modules on Marx, Introductory Guide to Critical Theory† . 17 Mar 2004 Marx states that Capitalist society is formed of the Owning Class (Borgoisie), those who own and control the economic functions of society and who can thus shape society to suit themselves; and the Working Class (Proletariat), the workers. These classes have nothing in common; they are antagonistic and in conflict with each other. This struggle will ultimately lead to revolution and the establishment of a single class society. All relationships are based upon Economics – even family relationships – economics is the fundamental driving force, surpassing even religion which he described as the Opium of the People. Understanding economic relationships is a crucial step if one wishes to gain control of them.

Report on the company Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Report on the company - Essay Example By the very essence of its existence, the Coca-Cola Company definitely has stakeholders. This paper will analyse the stakeholders of the Coca-Cola Company and how they are affected by the company as well as how they affect the organization. The Coca-Cola Company is an American company that has its headquarters in Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America. The company was established in 1886 by John Pemberton and Asa Griggs Candler (Coca-Cola 2014). The company has a presence in many countries, estimated to be over 200, including the U.S., Britain, Canada, South Africa, Kenya, among numerous other countries. By the fact of its presence in several countries, the company is a multi-national. The business entity is a public limited liability company and has its shares traded in the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE). The company has well over 500 brands to its name, its main brand being the Coca-Cola drink (or simply, Coke) (Coca-Cola 2014). The company makes, sells, and distributes soft drinks including Coke, Fanta, Sprite, Minute Maid Juices, Dasani mineral water, orange juice, and different brands of coffee and tea, to name a few (Coca-Cola 2014). It is estimated that worldwide, people consume at least 1.5 billion servings of one brand or another of the Coca-Cola Company every single day (Edinburgh Evening News 2010). Beyond any doubt the high level of consumption of Coca-Cola brands translates to high turnovers and profits for the company. In 2010, the company earned in excess of 10 billion Euros in the U.K. alone (Edinburgh Evening News 2010). The company is a strong brand, the reason it has several franchises across the world. In fact, most of the sales and profits that the company gets credited for come from the franchises. Some of the main stakeholders of an organization include the owners/shareholders, government, customers, community members, employees, and management (BBC 2014). Like many other

Keynesian Aggregate Expenditure Model Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Keynesian Aggregate Expenditure Model - Essay Example Some aspects of the aggregate demand tend to be stable and alter at a slow pace at any time (Pass & Lowes 8). Other aspects of aggregate demand like Investment expenditure tend to be volatile and change at a short notice, thereby influencing the level of economic activity in a country (Pass & Lowes 8). It is the level of interaction of the aggregate demand with aggregate supply in an economy that determines the equilibrium level of national income (Pass & Lowes 8). A government can resort to fiscal and monetary measures to regulate the aggregate demand in a country to tackle problems like unemployment and inflation. These fiscal and monetary measures may include making investments in large public projects, increasing government spending and purchases, lowering the tax rates, extending loans and lowering interest rates. Increased government spending gives way to the multiplier effect as per which a little increase in the rate of spending results in a more than proportionate rise in th e national income (Pass & Lowes 366). The logic behind the multiplier effect is that though the increase in the rate of spending is small, the multiple numbers of transactions owing to that increase stimulate the economy (Pass & Lowes 366).